The Supremacy Clause Is The Clause That Establishes The...

Supremacy Clause Matthew Newkirk Constitutional Law Mr. Timothy Allmond Wiregrass Georgia Technical College November 19, 2015 Abstract The Supremacy Clause is the clause that establishes the federal government’s authority over state governments. The Supremacy Clause is found in the U.S. Constitution in Clause Two of Article Six. This Clause upholds the United States Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. Federal law’s supremacy applies only if Congress is acting in fulfilment of its constitutionally authorized powers. The Clause directly states, â€Å"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.† The Supremacy Clause was born from the Federalist Papers which are writings of Federalist James Madison. The Supremacy Clause is a federal mandate in the U. S. Constitution that stated whenever conflict between state-level and national-level authority, the federal government always has supremacy in the matter, meaning that the federal government is the supreme law of the land. â€Å"When a state law conflicts with a federal law, the Supremacy Clause provides resolution† (Dow). This authority extended to all three branches of the federalShow MoreRelatedFederal Supremacy Vs State Powers Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Supremacy Vs State Powers Federalist No.51, â€Å"the power surrendered by the people† would be â€Å"divided between two distinct governments† creating a balance of power that would enable the â€Å"different governments to control each other.† -James Madison The Tenth Amendment states that â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states’, are reserved to the states’ respectively, or the people (List of Amendments to the United States Constitution)Read MoreAbortion : The Legal Precedent1170 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been many debates over abortion. One of the more famous acts in history about abortion is Roe vs. Wade on January 22, 1973. In this case the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that the constitutional right to privacy extends to a woman’s right to make her own personal medical decisions. This includes the decision to have an abortion without interference from politics and regulations, or religion. Therefore, a state may not ban abortion prior to viability. About 42 years have passed and numerousRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal2286 Words   |  10 PagesSupreme Court is the Judicial Branch of Government and is the branch that gets to interpret the Constitution. The Constitution is interpreted differently by every individual, so when a controversial subject such as gay marriage is brought to court, is the only thing that matters the justices own opinion? Gay marriage has been up for debate for centuries and gay couples are still working their way to equality. The monumental case which changed history is United States v Windsor and later in 2013, HollingsworthRead MoreIraqi Constitution ( A Divided Future )1671 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude the style of government in Iraq, as many, including the Arabs and Turkmen of Kirkuk, oppose the federal state structure. In addition, the claim of Kirkuk has instilled fear among Iraq’s neighbours and poses a threat to the future of the Iraqi State itself. The city has become a source of ethnic-sectarian conflicts, as well as the possibility of a regional conflict. This article explains that, what would happen if Iraq proves to be a failed State that cannot sustain a federal democracy? RatherRead MoreRatification Of The Constitutional Convention Stipulating Essay2264 Words   |  10 Pages--essentially what allowed Southern colonies(→states) agree to ratifying Constitution; acknowledged the existence of slaves and counted them in the population to increase representation; used as an argument for the continuance of slavery in America; lead to conflict on the rights of African American→ counted people as not fully people → gave states benefits without benefiting the total population; Articles of Confederation The compact among the original 13 states that was the basis of their gov.t: writtenRead MoreEssay on Study Guided3983 Words   |  16 PagesUnit 1 STUDY GUIDE – Constitutional Underpinnings 1. List and explain the five basic functions common to national governments throughout the world. 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The text of the proposed law states that â€Å" seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes where that medical use is deemed appropriate† (NORML, 2009). All patients possessing a reasonable amount of marijuana are protected and may use it atRead MoreState and Local Tax Outline42910 Words   |  172 PagesOutlineDepot.com Outline Wednesday, September 28, 2011 8:09 PM State and Local Taxation Hellerstein Fall 2011 Chapter 1 1. a. INTRODUCTION Basic Info 1. Sales and Use Tax a. USE TAX 1. Tax on storage, use or other consumption in the sate of tangible personal property. 2. Assessed upon â€Å"tax free† personal property purchased by a resident of the assessing state for use, storage, or consumption of goods in that state regardless of where the purchase too place. 3. The use tax is

Summary of Development of Underdevelopment - 1309 Words

The Development of Underdevelopment by Andrew Gunder Frank - A book Summary In his writing regarding underdevelopment of development, Andrew Gunder Frank has tried to illustrate the history of the development, underdevelopment, and the evolution of dependency to a world system theory. Finally he has come up with some alternatives and has tried to elaborate the new dualism and the recent movements in the world. According to Frank, development thinking emerged as an instrument of post war American hegemony and has defined it as the child of neo-imperialism and neo-colonialism which was the strategy of U.S. to hegemonies the semi-colonial countries. However, then the communist fear swept in the world with the Chinese and Cuban†¦show more content†¦A few floated in the surface and the vast were fart below it. The idea of one world system theory was propounded by Gorvachev where he focused that no society can be closed and no society can isolate itself from the world system which is being a single organism. The world system including its center-periphery, hegemony-rivalry, competition and the cyclical ups and downs has been evolving for five thousand years before. There has been always the competition for the leadership and hegemony and the core-countries temporarily enjoy it and eventually has to transfer to a new world power. The transfer of the hegemony has occurred through Asia, china Middle East, Europe, America, and now towards Japan and who knows may be to China. The five pillars of the world system is i) world system itself, ii)process of capital accumulation, iii)center-periphery structure, iv) alteration in hegemony and leadership, v) long and short economic cycles of the alternating ascending and descending phases. World system denies that the world system began in Europe and the rise of west was due to the European â€Å"exceptionalism† which incorporated the whole world in the capitalist model after 1500. Frank argued that the rise of west was the result of the decline in the east but west flourished form the riches of the east and specifically by using the gold and silver they pillaged from America. They hadn’t succeeded even in the most of 18th century butShow MoreRelatedModernization Theory Vs Dependency Theory1227 Words   |  5 Pagesexplanations towards underdevelopment, experts like David Brooks and Peter Hallward have described the natural disaster in Haiti to be brutally destructive primarily due to its poverty. With this said, by reducing the poverty level in countries such as Haiti, it is possible to avoid the many disasters that they face. Reducing poverty means that society must accept development. What is development and how can it be achieved? 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The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 3 Free Essays

Pink and white banners advertising the spring dance hung on all four walls of the school cafeteria. On a different day, or maybe in a different life, Cassie would have been excited for the dance. But this afternoon’s lunch was going to be all business. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Suzan arrived a few minutes after the others and dropped her tray on the table with enthusiasm, seemingly oblivious to the group’s mood. â€Å"Is it that time already? We have to go shopping before all the good dresses disappear.† â€Å"Is that seriously what’s on your mind right now?† Melanie said, her mouth half full. â€Å"A stupid dance?† Suzan crossed her arms over her cerulean blouse. â€Å"We’re supposed to act normal, right? So we don’t seem suspicious to the principal or anyone else. I’m just acting normal.† â€Å"You can act however you want, as long as you don’t perform any magic,† Cassie announced. â€Å"The principal knows who we are. We confirmed that this morning.† Suzan took a seat between Faye and Deborah. â€Å"Oh.† She pushed her tray away dejectedly. â€Å"Nobody told me. I’m always the last to know everything.† Cassie looked around the table at her friends. Of course the hunters had figured them out. Not only were they always together, but none of them seemed average, even when they were alone. Adam and Nick, the Henderson brothers, and even Sean carried themselves with a pride and independence that set them apart from other guys at school. Their fellow students were terrified and awestruck by them. It was no different for the girls. Diana was the most admired, and Faye the most feared – but Laurel, Melanie, Deborah, and Suzan were no less intriguing to their classmates. Something about them sparkled. They were unlike all the other girls in school; their problems were so much larger than boys and clothes. It was stupid of Cassie to assume any of them could have remained unrecognized by the hunters. â€Å"After what happened earlier today,† Diana said quietly, â€Å"school is no longer safe for those of us who’ve been marked.† She’d directed the comment at Laurel, but Laurel just played with her sandwich, not eating and not looking up. Cassie had never seen her this depressed, even when the hunters first burned their symbol onto her front lawn. Faye also pretended not to hear Diana’s warning. She refused to acknowledge that she’d been marked at all. Cassie noticed she was still wearing the opal necklace Max had given her, the one he’d stamped with the hunter symbol. â€Å"You can take that off,† Cassie said, pointing to the necklace. â€Å"You don’t have to keep wearing it like some kind of scarlet letter.† Faye shook her head. â€Å"I’m not about to let on that I know about the mark. He’s not the only one who can pretend to be someone he’s not.† Deborah nodded, pointing her plastic fork at Faye like a spear. â€Å"You should give him a taste of his own medicine. Max played you, and now you have to turn it around on him.† â€Å"There he is.† Sean shifted his beady eyes across the cafeteria toward Max, and Faye quickly applied a fresh coat of red gloss to her lips. â€Å"Do you honestly think revenge is the best idea right now?† Diana asked. â€Å"We’ve already had one close call with a hunter today. We don’t need another.† â€Å"Relax, D.† Faye curled her lips into a smile. â€Å"We need information on the hunters and he’s our way to it. I’m going to pump him for intel, double agent – style. Watch and learn.† Without another word, Faye stood up and jogged over to Max, meeting him halfway as he approached. He was dressed to go to lacrosse practice and carried a duffel bag. Faye took the bag from him, dropped it to her side, and pretended to be just as in love with him as ever. She pulled him in close and kissed him passionately on the mouth. â€Å"I’ve missed you,† she said, loud enough for the Circle to hear. Max touched his fingers to his lips, now lightly coated in the same red gloss as Faye’s. â€Å"And I missed you,† he said. Max was tall and muscular with light brown hair. His voice was rugged, and he wore a perpetual cocky grin. He was just the kind of guy that made Faye swoon. It’s no wonder she’d let her guard down enough to get marked by him. The rest of the Circle watched as Faye whispered into Max’s ear and he murmured back to her in a soft voice. â€Å"Do you think he’s falling for it?† Sean asked. â€Å"Seems like it,† Doug said, nodding his wild head of blond hair. â€Å"He’s acting the same as before. Like a lovesick wimp.† â€Å"But who knows if she’ll be able to get any information out of him,† his twin brother said. Melanie was dubious, as usual. â€Å"There’s no way he’s going to give up anything on the hunters. Whether he thinks Faye’s on to him or not, he’s not stupid.† â€Å"But Faye might be able to trick him into leading us to more of them,† Nick said. He was sitting on the cafeteria table, bent over with his feet on a chair. â€Å"There have to be more hunters in town than just Max and his dad.† Melanie rolled her gray eyes. â€Å"Yeah, I’m sure Max will be happy to introduce us to all his hunter buddies. Maybe he’ll even host a cocktail party.† Cassie continued watching Max and Faye’s back-and-forth. It was almost comical, both of them pretending to be into the other when they were actually sworn enemies. But Max’s face betrayed nothing more than he intended it to. He was running this show and Cassie could see he was too good at it to crack under a little pressure. After a few minutes of the charade, Faye finally gave up. She leaned in and kissed Max one last time before returning to the group. Max waved as he passed them on his way to the gym, flashing his perfect smile – but Cassie thought it looked like he was grinning at Diana in particular. â€Å"Well, that was a bust,† Faye said. â€Å"He’s either a really good actor or he doesn’t know anything about what happened earlier in the principal’s office. I mentioned my friend Laurel and he asked which one she was.† â€Å"We still shouldn’t push our luck,† Diana said. â€Å"I think it’s time for you to distance yourself from him and his dad.† â€Å"I think Diana’s right,† Cassie said. â€Å"We need to lay down some new rules.† â€Å"Just what this Circle needs.† Faye returned to her seat at the table. â€Å"More rules.† â€Å"What do you propose?† Diana asked, speaking over Faye. â€Å"We’re listening.† Cassie realized she had the whole group’s attention. They watched her hopefully, like she might have some secret panacea to solve all their problems. She cleared her throat and tried to think of something fast. â€Å"Well, we know the hunters can’t mark someone without witnessing them doing magic. But once they’re marked, the next step is the killing curse, which means death. Ultimate death.† â€Å"Is this supposed to be a pep talk?† Sean called out. â€Å"Let her finish.† Nick glared at Sean with a deep mahogany stare. â€Å"I think we need to enact a buddy system. One hunter can’t perform the killing curse on a witch alone. The best thing we can do is make sure we’re not alone either,† Cassie said. Deborah let out a whoop of laughter. â€Å"That’s your big idea? For us to hold hands in the hallway like preschoolers?† â€Å"I never said it was a big idea,† Cassie said defensively. â€Å"It just makes sense for those of us who are marked to be with another Circle member at all times. Including overnight.† Faye’s honey-colored eyes blazed. â€Å"No way. I won’t agree to having a babysitter. I’d rather die.† â€Å"You just might die if you don’t agree to this,† Melanie said. â€Å"It’s the only way we can be sure you and Laurel remain safe.† Laurel looked up from her untouched lunch. She didn’t appear any more eager than Faye to accept this new rule. â€Å"But Cassie, you said before that you’ve been talking to your mom about your father, and that you’re learning ancient things that could help us.† Cassie felt herself tense up. She could sense Adam’s cavernous eyes watching her, and she swore she could actually hear Diana’s jaw unhinge before any words escaped her mouth. â€Å"What ancient things?† Diana asked, with a hint of suspicion in her voice. The entire cafeteria seemed to fall silent and Cassie shifted uncomfortably. â€Å"I was just telling Laurel that my father once saved someone who was marked. I’m trying to learn more about how he did it.† Diana furrowed her brow at Cassie’s discomfort. She was unwilling to let the matter drop. â€Å"Do you think he used something similar to the witch-hunter curse we memorized from my Book of Shadows?† â€Å"Probably something like that,† Cassie said, trying to sound nonchalant and upbeat. â€Å"Why don’t we just use the witch-hunter curse from Diana’s book now? We know Max and his dad are hunters,† Suzan said. â€Å"I don’t understand what we’re waiting for.† â€Å"I second that,† Nick said. Diana released a frustrated breath. They’d been over this before. â€Å"Because this is our chance to use the hunters’ ignorance for more information. We still have surprise on our side. They don’t know we know who they are. And we also don’t know for sure how that curse works, or what it’ll do. It’s a very rough translation, so it’s our absolute last resort. If we try it and it doesn’t work, then we’ll all be marked in a matter of seconds.† â€Å"In other words,† Faye said, â€Å"we have no clue if those words we memorized are a witch-hunter curse or a fairy tale.† Diana was quiet for a few seconds. She chewed on her lip nervously. â€Å"We can’t rely on that mediocre, pieced-together translation from Diana’s book,† Adam said. â€Å"No offense to you, Diana, but whatever curse Black John used, that’s the one we want when we go up against the hunters.† Diana nodded and looked down at her hands. Adam turned to Cassie. She could tell he was struggling to restrain himself from telling the group about Black John’s book, but she also knew he’d never betray her trust, no matter how difficult it was for him. â€Å"What about the protection spell?† Laurel asked. â€Å"Shouldn’t that keep me and Faye safe enough so we can at least continue leading normal lives?† â€Å"It seems to be intact.† Diana raised her head, hesitantly. â€Å"But we don’t know how long it’ll last. That spell is kind of a one-shot deal, and once it wears off, that’s it.† â€Å"And,† Melanie said, â€Å"even if it does last, we can’t be sure it’s strong enough against the hunter’s killing curse. It probably isn’t.† Faye stared off into space, for once too upset to argue. Cassie momentarily considered her own situation. If the protection spell wore off, she’d really be powerless against Scarlett. As it was, she was jumping at every shadow and freezing up at the sight of every redhead who walked by. â€Å"How are you going to do it?† Faye called out to Cassie, like she’d just snapped out of a daydream. â€Å"How do you plan to figure out the curse Black John used?† Cassie glanced at Adam, but his expression kept her secret safely hidden. â€Å"I’m trying to learn what I can from my mother,† Cassie said. â€Å"She’s blocked out a lot of the past, but when I get her talking sometimes things come to light.† It was a good answer for being put on the spot, and even true. But Cassie knew it would take more to save her friends and defeat the hunters than simply getting her mother to talk about the past. She had to get her father’s book back. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 3, Essay examples

Salvador Dails The Persistence Of Memory Analysis Art Essay Example For Students

Salvador Dails The Persistence Of Memory Analysis Art Essay The Persistence of Memory is a phantasmagoric landscape created in 1931 by the celebrated Spanish creative person, Salvador Dali. This oil painting steps 9 1/2 ten 13 inches, or 24.1 ten 33 centimeter and is on show at the Museum of Modern Art in New York ( MoMA ) . It has been displayed in galleries worldwide and is a symbol of Dali s work. The Persistence of Memory contains a light blue skyline, which easy fades downward from bluish to yellow across the top one-fourth of the picture. Under the skyline sits a organic structure of H2O, or what looks to be a big lake or a reflecting pool. The organic structure of H2O hints the skyline until it interacts with neighbouring mountains to the right. In forepart of the mountains there is solitary pebble. On the left stopping point to the H2O, Dali places a brooding, bluish, elevated, rectangular platform with dark brown paring around the borders. Placed in forepart of this platform, there is another individual pebble. A exanimate tree with a hollow top, is in forepart of it, losing all of its foliages and subdivisions but one. The individual subdivision holds a silver pocket ticker which appears to be runing on the terminal of the subdivision demoing the Numberss three through nine. Merely one manus of the ticker is shown, indicating at the 6. The tree is located on top of a light brown square object that looks desk-like. The brown object takes over the bottom left corner of the picture, and even goes off the canvas. On this object there are two more pocket tickers shacking. One of them is gilded and melted, hanging half manner off the light brown regular hexahedron. The custodies of the gold ticker are stopped at five of seven and there is a fly on the face near the 1 oclock grade. The fly is besides projecting a really little shadow, which is shaped more like a human. The other pocket ticker is bronzy and shut. The outside of the pocket ticker is covered with a drove of black emmets. Unlike the other redstem storksbills, this is shut, and the lone 1 that is non warped or melted of the four. The land in The Persistence of Memory is a dark brown that about turns black in certain countries. On it lies a white figure on its right side with another silver-colored thaw clock on its dorsum. The white figure is human-like, with over emphatic big ciliums. It has a what looks to be a trade grade Salvador Dali mustache and lips where superciliums would be on a human face. Its olfactory organ is flared and has another little brown object coming out of the right anterior naris. The white figure has no limbs or other human-like features. The remainder of the scenery around the white figure is dark and wastes. The Persistence of Memory uses the basic elements of art including a overplus of lines, values, forms, signifier, colourss, and texture ( Glatstein ) . The lines that Dali uses in the picture vary on the form which he is working with. Most of the picture contains lines that are comparatively thin and similar in breadth, with the exclusion of the mountains, and the ciliums of the white figure. The lines on the mountains are noticeable, and give them a unsmooth realistic attack. On the white figure Dali uses different lengths and breadths to make individualism in each cilium. He besides makes everything detailed down to the really last emmet on the bronze ticker. The lines that make up the tickers are so elaborate that they even show each figure on the faces. The usage of lines besides improve the realistic expression of the contemplation of the mountains in the H2O. The lines on the platform and brown object are straight and symmetric. He does non go forth many seeable study Markss in this picture, so it is non clear or easy to separate his lines from shadowing. The lines that he does demo normally complement the dark shadows of his surrealist landscape. The values and shadowing in this picture are really drawn out and elaborate. The shadows in Dali s Persistence of Memory are the bosom and psyche of the piece, making a existence that has neer been seen before. Thick values highlight inside informations and colour, giving a three dimensional semblance to this piece. On the tree, the values are implied to make the semblance of bark, while the hitch clock it is keeping on its subdivision uses value to make a tarnished and three dimensional consequence. The brown object besides uses shadowing to acquire this consequence. The tickers on the brown regular hexahedron have detailed shading on and around them, and utilize colour to shadow and give a glistening consequence. The runing one uses a great trade of colour on the face, while the ticker with the emmets draws attending to the insects covering it. The land is chiefly solid brown, with graphic black shadows overmastering the landscape. This stresses the sum of sunshine that is shown in the landscape, reflecting off of other interacting objects. The mountains use a combination of light and darkness assorted with colour instead than merely black to make this manner. Some of the ridges on the mountains are shaded with black, along with other parts of the picture such as the white figure and the brown regular hexahedron where the two pocket tickers are placed. The emmets are all black, and have really small shading, while the fly on the other ticker merely has a bluish shadow of a human figure. The white figure has shadowing throughout its full organic structure. There is heavy shadowing on his caput, nose ciliums, and where its organic structure touches the land. The Benefits Of Online Shoppings EssayDali s creative activity of this picture was non drug induced, but from runing cheese and eccentric dreams ( Rochfort ) . The message Dali is seeking to distribute is that life is fast paced and full of picks which sometimes produce unfavourable results, but we move on. The redstem storksbills are merely stepping rocks into the existent significance behind the picture. The silver ticker on the tree is symbolic of a clip which has late passed ( Bing 2nd closest to the white figure ) . The gold ticker symbolizes the best old ages of life easy get awaying. The closed bronze ticker with the emmets could typify a clip which the creative person wanted to travel on and bury. The 1 on top of the white figure symbolizes the topographic point that he is at now and presently seeking to populate through. The pebbles painted on opposite sides of the canvas typify separation between a lover. The clefts in the mountains are obstacles that one faces before the y can make a stable point in life and happen felicity. The raised blue platform in the dorsum symbolizes the way to a higher quality of life, while the dead tree shows mortality and that nil lives everlastingly. The fly s shadow in the signifier of a individual could be another symbol of Dali s love escaping, or that he wishes to get away world. Many beginnings province that Salvador Dali had fallen in Gala, his lone love and Muse included in her many pieces ( Salvador Dali-A Soft Self-Portrait ) . This piece defines surrealism, interrupting many of the norms antecedently adopted by creative persons and critics. The painting itself reflects a batch on Salvador Dali, and the manner which he viewed life. His artistic manner is unbelievable, and his dream exposure ( Clocking in with Salvador Dali ) are mind blowing. His usage of colourss and illuming creates a three dimensional experience that was neer seen earlier. The graphic qualities and absurd animals that inhabit the piece make it so good, and divide it from the remainder. It has even been noted that the white figure seen in the picture is a self portrayal of Dali, ( looking at the mustache above it s ciliums ) ( Clocking in with Salvador Dali ) . The redstem storksbills themselves make The Persistence of Memory an iconic piece and have been emulated and parodied in popular civilization as good. It surpasses much of the Modern Art of its clip, affecting more talent than merely throwing paint pails at a canvas. I was able to see this picture in individual at the Philadelphia Art Museum in 2005 when the Dali Exhibit was on show.

Essay Examples on Joan of Arc Essay Example

Essay Examples on Joan of Arc Paper 1st Essay Sample on Joan of Arc In 1412, Joan of Arc was born to Jacques Darc and his wife Isabelle de Vouthon, in the town of Domremy, France. Her childhood was spent attending her father’s herds in the fields and learning religion and housekeeping skills from her mother. At the age of twelve, she started hearing voices in her head that belonged to St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. Joan thought that they were bringing her messages from God. These voices told her that it was her divine mission to free her country from the English and help the dauphin, or eldest son of the king, gain the French throne. They told her to cut her hair, dress in man’s uniform and to pick up the arms. In 1429, the English had occupied Paris and all of France north of the Loire, which is Frances longest river. This capturing was due in most part to the lack of leadership within the French. It was a total sense of hopelessness among them. Joan then convinced the captain of the dauphin, and then the dauphin himself, of her calling from a higher power. After passing an examination, she was given the title of captain. At the battle of Orleans in May of 1429, Joan led the troops to a miraculous triumph over the English. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Joan of Arc specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Joan of Arc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Joan of Arc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She continued fighting the English in other locations along the Loire. The fear of the troops under her leadership was so formidable that when she approached Lord Talbot’s army at Patay, most of the English troops, including a commander, fled the battlefield. Even with a good portion of her troops fleeing, she still went on to win this battle, capturing the Lord and killing 1800 of his soldiers. Charles VII was then crowned king of France, and at the coronation, Joan was given a place of honor next to the king. Later, she was ennobled for her services to the country. In 1430, Joan was captured by the Burgundy forces while defending Compiegne near Paris, and then sold to the English. 2nd Essay Sample on Joan of Arc France and England had an unstable history with one another and in 1337, King Edward III of England decided to lay claim to the French throne based on a relation on his mothers side (Walker 219). This led to the Hundred Years War, which would consume the peoples lives from 1337 to 1453 (Walker 220). During this time there was a great plague sweeping Europe, the Black Death which was the cause of millions of peoples unseemly demise. Joan was a young peasant girl born in 1412, whose strong faith and belief in God led her to fight in his name for her country (Walker 221). Why English political leaders wanted Joan of Arc discredited and burned as a witch. English political leaders used the Roman Catholic Church to have Joan of Arc discredited and burned as a witch because they feared she had supernatural powers, was being used as a symbol by the French Nationalists and that she might become a martyr in the event of her death. English political leaders believed Joan of Arc possessed supernatural powers of some sort and they feared what kind of advantage this could bring to the French armies. The English political leaders didnt like that the French Nationalists, particularly King Charles VII and the Duke of Alencon, were using Joan as a symbol of French family and purity. English political leaders feared that if Joan were to die in the heat of battle, then the French people would make her a martyr. English political leaders believed Joan of Arc possessed some sort of supernatural powers and they feared what kind of advantage this could bring to the French armies (Nardo 42). Joan had admitted openly to hearing voices from saints since the age of thirteen (Gies 24). Joan said the voices told her what to do in order to fight the war for France (Moritz). Miraculously, Joan was never seriously injured in battle (Encarta 2001).

Antibiotics and Children essays

Antibiotics and Children essays A very important issue concerning the children of today is the excess prescribing of antibiotics and the dangers that are being created. Everyday, more and more children are being prescribed any easy solution to a very tough problem. There is a constant push from pharmaceutical companies, parents, and massive marketing companies to try the next antibiotic remedy, but as we look towards the future and the diseases that can be created by this quick fix, we should turn to our attention to alternatives remedies. What is so terrible about this situation is that the worst-case scenario of the effects of the mass doses of antibiotics they ingest is an untreatable bacterium that is immune to the treatments we are aware of. That may not sound so bad until you think about the number of children around the world that could die from this bacterium. It would most definitely be a catastrophic event if a portion of the earths population at that early of an age were to be erased. It would be a human-induced bubonic plague of the twenty- first century and it is really not that far from becoming a reality. In a study done in 1992, there were over sixty million different oral antibiotic prescriptions were giving to people under the age of fifteen years old (Napoli). The extensiveness of antibiotic options coupled with their widespread use in pediatric patients highlight the importance of pharmacists having a thorough familiarity with pediatric antibiotic therapy. Also, problems may arise in treating children under the age of two because of their immature immune system, lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for pediatric use of many antibiotics and limited data supporting therapy courses of less than ten days (Napoli). Also, an added complication of the treatment of the patient is the willingness, ability to follow the regimen, and the understanding of the importance of completing the therapy. Before filling the presc...

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion - Essay Example The person travels or goes to the job or work. People exist to serve the organization. From a human resource frame perspective, the organization exists to serve the human needs rather than the human existing to serve the organization. In the truest sense the opposite perspective of the structural frame. Inherently, the organization is at tension within itself from the moment it begins to exist. Human Frame perspective says that human needs must be met for organizational needs to be met. The people are the organization and worth investing in. The organization focuses on ensuring the right human resource strategies are in place such as human resource hiring and keeping valued employees and building on diversity. The Political Frame Perspective is a way of viewing organization as a group of assimilated like-minded individuals. Recognizing these individuals have grouped together, the political frame allocates resources according to the political structures in place rather than accepting simple hierarchical frames. Goals and decisions are made through negotiations and the level of power one holds determines results. The Symbolic Frame Perspective provides the vision and the inspiration for the people of the organization, the emotional glue to keep everyone striving for a common goal and purpose.

The brief and frightening reign of Phil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The brief and frightening reign of Phil - Essay Example In this case, people are focused on stripping the natural resources of Inner Horner (Saunders and Saunders 15). Additionally, the political leadership of the location becomes power-hungry, which leads to grisly political murders in order to hold onto power. The demagogic Phil seizes the chance to assume power of both Outer and Inner Horner. Phil uses unethical strategies such as ruthlessness, flattery and deceit in order to assume to power. The story by Saunders points to human tendencies towards political and social ruthlessness in order to gain power. In order to highlight these tendencies, Saunders uses allegories and symbolism to express his purpose. The symbolism and allegories used in the story represent real world events. Question 1 Saunders’ main purpose in writing the novel is to highlight human tendencies. The story aims to highlight mass hysteria and series of injustices following the assumption to power of power-hungry and tyrannical Phil. Saunders uses symbolism t o describe Phil and the people of Inner Horner, and allegory to describe outer and inner Horner. For instance, Saunders states that Phil is a despot in a fabulous country in Horner. The citizens of this country are cockamamie fusions of organic substance and machine parts. The author uses symbolism by using elements, animals, places and colors in order to represent Horner and Phil. For instance, Saunders states that Carol, â€Å"an Inner Hornerite who resembled a gigantic belt-buckle with a blue dot affixed to it, as if a gigantic belt buckle had been stapled to a tuna fish† motivated Phil to device senseless and cruel systems of leaderships (Saunders and Saunders 22). The author aims to expose the nature of rulers as jealous and power hungry people. According to the author, citizens of a country deserve leaders they can trust. These leaders should act as reflections of the society. The systems used by Phil focused on depressing citizens through unsustainable tax regimes, gen ocide and harassment (Saunders and Saunders 31). This compares events in Horner to recent events in countries such as Bosnia and Iraq. Saunders used symbolism by using abstract characters. Additionally, he uses allegory to create the setting of the story. For instance, the characters in the story are not strictly humans though the story uses the term human. The characters have three arms, legs, unique mechanical parts and organic matter. They have other features such as antlers and additional brains, â€Å"one on the side of his neck and one on his hip† (Saunders and Saunders 42). Allegory is seen when the author describes inner Horner as a small place that only one Inner Hornerite could fit. This means that the other Inner Hornerite had to wait for their opportunity to live in their country. Question 1b This story connects with the ideas of genocide and harassment. Leaders use genocide and harassment to oppress citizens or people deemed as threats to their leadership. Philâ €™s ascent to leadership was motivated by jealous. He aimed to deprive the region of its natural resources in order to deprive its habitats their livelihood. Phil was jealous because Outer Horner was not blessed with the natural resources of inner Horner. As a result, he organized supporters from Outer Horner and hired giants in order march to power. He began by instituting unsustainable tax regimes and relentless mining of the natural resources (Saunders and Sa

Language and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Language and culture - Essay Example The researcher states that if the relationship is a formal one for example a student talking to his professor, then there will be a strict application of the rules and structure of grammar. In cases where the relationship between the two speakers is informal such as in the two students, the conversation is not likely to follow the strict application of the rules and structure of grammar. In the conversation, it can be seen that the two students do not concentrate on explicitly expressing their thoughts. This attributes to the fact that their conversation is mostly informal and as such, they do not feel the need to avoid ambiguity. The two students have a lot of shared knowledge and therefore there is a lot of reference to the information that is shared or known to the two of them. The context in this case refers to the information that is not expressly communicated in the statements that are made but which is important and relevant to the understanding and interpretation of the disco urse or the utterances that are made. An example of this from the conversation is ‘what will we share with them?’ The ‘them’ in this case is not specified. This is because the two speakers are aware of who is referred to as ‘them’. The use of pronouns is also seen in the discourse. As is a feature of informal speech, the discourse uses a lot of personal pronouns for example ‘them, she, they’ and so on. This is as a result of the shared body of knowledge that exists between the two speakers. They are therefore able to make references to the shared knowledge by making use of the pronouns. The use of ‘who’ as seen in the conversation is also a feature of informal speech as opposed to ‘whom’ which would be used in a formal context. Grammatical ellipsis has also been used in many instances in the discourse. This is where material that has already been presented in the discourse is omitted. Another observation t hat can be made in the discourse is the use of contraction. This is usually a common feature in an informal speech. In ellipsis, the omission of words is deliberate when the words that are omitted are expected to be understood from the context. Contraction refers to the practice of shortening words by omitting some of the internal letters in the word. This practice is different from the use of acronyms where initials of the letters are used. It is also different from abbreviation. In the discourse, contractions have been used on several occasions such as in ‘E’m’ instead of them, and ‘gonna’. Lexical density refers to the ratio of content words to the grammatical words that are used in any form of discourse be it spoken or written. In analyzing the conversation between the two students, one can find that the content ratio is low. This means that there are fewer content words than those that would be found in a formal discourse. The conversation is th erefore easy to follow and understand. The level of politeness in a given discourse is often dependent on the relationship that exists between the participants of the discourse. In formal situations, it is likely that there will be a higher level of politeness than in the informal situations. In the discourse, there is no adherence to politeness in discourse because of the familiarity that exists betwe

Influence Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory

Influence Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory Introduction The modern world has been marked by specialized management that is characterized by effective planning methods in order to attain certain objectives, division of labor which has served to increase specializations and innovations in work places, and a formalized interaction between the employees and their managers in their work places. These formal manifestations can be attributed to the twentieth century from the works of Taylor who came up with the concepts of scientific management. Taylor has been accorded the legacy as the founder of scientific management principles. He was a mechanical engineer and his works served to provide efficiency in the management of industries which at the time had no formal management and were characterized by various anomalies (Taylor, 1911, p.64). The workers came up with their own decisions on how the tasks were going to be accomplished in the factories. This was however changed by Taylor through development of scientific management. He sought to impr ove the workers productivity in their areas of work. At various times he was criticized for destroying the workers morale and turning them into machines. This went to an extent of workers downing their tools at Watertown Arsenal which led to the House of Representatives Committee conducting an investigation into his works so as to establish the truth. It was concluded that his concepts of scientific management were a good tool for the management of organizations but at the same time offered the managers with increased power which had no checks and balances. This led to the ban of his concepts of scientific management by the Senate at that time. This was after a survey showing that his methods received a high level of hatred from the working population. The survey showed that scientific management did not put into consideration the workers social needs in their areas of work and it failed to appreciate the differences that existed between the working populations in any industry. In addition, the scientific management concepts viewed the workers as ignorant and therefore did not take into consideration their contributions in terms of work related suggestions and ideas (Taylor, 1911, p.65). However, after various improvements into these concepts it has come to be productive in the present day running of organizations. This essay discusses the Taylors scientific management and how it has influenced the modern day business practices. Historical origins of scientific management The 19th century factory system manifested itself in lack of formal management, unofficial relations among the workers and even with their employers and casual jobs with no formal arrangements where the leader just hired a group of men in the industries and could fire them if he deemed it fit due to their inability to work or for not following his directions. A need arose by the late decade of the 19th century as competitions between different factories went into the rise, emergence of improved technologies in the factories and formations of trade unions that pressurized the factories to improve the working conditions of workers in the factories or risk industrial actions against them. The government had also realized the efforts in the factories and wanted to reap maximum benefits (Taylor, 1911, p.12). This therefore called for improvements in the organization and management of these institutions. This was the period that Taylor established himself with his novel ideas of organizati onal management and various technical innovations. For instance, he devised a stopwatch that was used for timing the workers during the working hours so as to determine their best possible times. Taylor had a brief career in engineering after which he went into consultancy services for various industries. He vigorously advocated the application of systematic management by the factory managers (Taylor, 1911, p.17). He introduced time studies to measure the workers performance, piece-rate systems that served to instill obedience in the workers and other production systems that provided the managers with the capability of knowing what was happening on the ground. He diffused his thoughts and coined the term scientific management which was somehow metaphorical. He proposed that he had invented principles of management that could be applied universally to replace what was known as the rule of thumb methods. His book became a success and was embraced by many during those times. This period of development of scientific management became known as the progressive era in the US (1890-1920). It was a period that had many reforms which were meant to overcome the problems that had been cr eated by the just ended industrial revolution. This era also experienced its problems. Among them was; lack of formal training for the business leaders in ways of running the day to day activities of their institutions and workers performed their duties due to internal fears of imminent job losses as a result an increase in the industrial out put or due to inefficient management systems in the organizations (Taylor, 1911, p.4). This resulted to poor relationships between the workers and their employers which ultimately caused a reduction in the efficiency in the industries. The then president of the US, Roosevelt even went further to call on the factories to increase their efficiency in production so as to be at par or ahe3ad with other competing nations. This ultimately led to emergence of the scientific management movement. Taylor and scientific management movement After his works at Philadelphia, Taylor moved to Bethlehem Company which dealt with steel and continued exploring his ideas. He was not alone in proposing the scientific management but there were other players who set in to streamline the concepts. For instance, according to Shenhav (1999, p. 94), there was Brandeis who was an attorney and later became a Supreme Court justice. Later there were others like Frank and Gilbreth who were able to conduct studies on the human motion while doing work with an intention of finding ways that could add to increase workers efficiency during working hours. Taylors principles of scientific management After systematic analysis of his experimental works, Taylor came up with four principles which lay the foundation for scientific management. The first involved finding an alternative method to take over the rule of thumb practices of management. The alternative was to be scientific and would provide a chance for the managers to be in a position to analyze the problem facing management in their organizations. The use of a scientific approach was to put into use the systematic experiments. He believed the application of these experiments would come up with a solution to the problems faced in management and during the process of production. According to Locke (1982, p.50), Taylor has received acclaimed fame for his ideas that a scientific approach can be applied in the process of managerial decision making. The second principle involved scientifically selecting, offering training sessions and providing work development to each worker. This was as opposed to the former methods that invol ved disorganized management and leaving the workers to rule themselves as well as train themselves on various duties in the factories. By application of this principle, Taylor noted that the highly qualified person will occupy the top positions in the organizations and thus will lead the others in a systematic and efficient manner. By application of systematic management, a payment system was developed that considered the amount of output the worker had as well as the workers efficiency in production of quality goods and services. This principle increased efficiency in work places and improved the system of management. The third principle involved the managers developing formal working relations through establishing teamwork to ensure that the methods developed scientifically were being adhered to by the work force. To develop this principle, Taylor measured the workers performance with stop watch and motion studies in order to come up with an efficient process that would lead to accomplishments of the work tasks in good time. His experiments were crucial in determining the quantity of work that a hard working man c ould perform in a day (Taylor, 1911, p.23). This was to do away with the tendency of workers to perform their duties slowly in the factories. His experiments would indicate the standards that are to be achieved by the workers so as to increase performance. The fourth and final principle involved ensuring equal division of work between managers and their employees. By so doing, the managers would utilize the principles of scientific management in the planning of duties in their organizations while the workers on their side would actualize the duties in a timely manner. It is worth noting that these principles were put into use in various factories across the world. Their application usually had a positive effect by enhancing their productivity by three or more times. Taylor had a strong believe that scientific management would enhance the efficiency in the industries which would then lead to increased wages, production of low cost products and thus improved standards of living for the employees and their families. However, his ideas did not go well with the trade unions which were on the rise during those times to fight for the rights of the factory workers. Due to this, its influence was lowered until the end of the First World War whe n it picked up. According to Shenhav (1999, p.68), engineers in the Ford industry were able to standardize their job routines being guided by the principles of scientific management. They were able to increase their production and the Ford gained recognition all over the US for its production of quality motor vehicles. Taylors scientific management had a big influence to the development present day management theories. His ideas influenced two fields of management which are the human resource management sector and the accounting departments within an organization. He contributed to cost accounting procedures in the manufacturing industries. While working at Simonds Company he formulated a system of accounting for the company. Later on he perfected his methods coming up with a standardized costing technique for railroad systems. His ideas formed a foundation for development of techniques for budget control in any organization so as to ensure a free flow of cash for production costs and for payment of wages and salaries. This ensured an improved management in these industries. The second and third principles of the scientific management as discussed above influenced development of human resource management. Other scholars followed these principles to come up with various aspects of human resource lik e managing by objectives by Drucker which can be traced to the Taylors application of the differential piece rate systems to ensure workers efficiency (Shenhav, 1999, p.34). Taylor receives attribute even to the teaching and development of management courses. He lectured on management at Harvard, therefore shaping the minds of future business owners and managers who apply his teachings up to the present day world. Criticisms of scientific management Despite scientific management improving production even up to three times, it also had its own setbacks. It was accused to have led to monotony of worker lead to workers being bored at many times. The concepts also perceived man as a machine that achieved maximum satisfaction through monetary rewards (Locke, 1982, p.35). His rate cutting ideas could as well be utilized by cruel managers to mistreat their employees without many benefits to them. There was an up rise against scientific management by workers leading to strikes. As a result, parts of it like the use of stop watches by the managers to time their workers were banned. Scientific management and its influence on modern day business practices Taylor was of the view that employees needed to be supervised at all times to ensure that they fully performed their tasks and productivity of the factories went on the rise. His critics however disapproved the idea of taking the workers to be like machines without psychological feelings. The disapproved the idea that human ambitions are highly motivated by the rewards they receive in form of wages. To prove their point, the critics developed what is termed as organizational behavior that was meant to counter the ideas of Taylor. This took place in the 1930s after experiments were carried out to determine what really influenced the workers morale and their efficiency in production. The Hawthorne experiments proved otherwise from what Taylor had postulated. In one specific case, a study was conducted to find out what increased the productivity of workers in the Hawthorne Works factory (Locke, 1982, p.70). It was noted that an increase in lighting in the workshops was able to have an i ncrease in productivity as workers did their work in well lit areas. The negative had been hypothesized to be true but unfortunately it was not. This left questions unanswered on what really caused the increase in productivity. Left with no other options, the experimenters had to seek technical aid from Harvard University where various professionals turned up. The group consisted of sociologists, psychologists who were headed by the famous clinical psychologist Mayo Elton and anthropologists. These specialists were able to conclude that what led to the increase in production was due to the presence of supervisors throughout the period the studies were being carried out. This observation became to be known as the Hawthorne effect and it was significant to human relations in work places and led to improvement of the study of organizational behavior (Wren, 2005, p.279). Various other studies have been carried out after Hawthorne experiments to try and discover the real factor behind human motivation. In other experiments, McGregor postulated a theory commonly referred to as Theory X and Theory Y to distinguish between the factors influencing human motivation. According to Theory X, the workers got their motiva tion from rewards in terms of money that they received after the job they had done while Theory Y observed that men gets their motivations from an inward desire to attain self fulfillment in any task that they are accorded. Unlike Taylors scientific management, this theory was able to acknowledge the ability of people to have an inner drive that enhanced their capacity to do work rather than just focusing on what they received as wages and salaries. Thus the social perspectives of a person started gaining recognition in workplaces in order to enhance productivity (Wren, 2005, p.267). The managers of the factories started considering the social welfare of their workers while in work stations and eventually relations strengthened in the factories. This brought about team spirit and reliance on one another to attain a common objective. Several welfare organizations that were involved in fighting for the rights of the workers were formed and which are still there in the 21st century world. Taylor with his scientific management therefore laid a foundation around which various other studies have been conducted to improve the situation of the workers in their work places while at the same time ensuring that pr oductivity is maintained to ensure success of organizations and businesses. Organizational management has gained recognition in todays world and managers are professionals with skilled knowledge in the process of management. Major CEOs in different organizations must have attained a certain higher level of knowledge and have experience in management. Taylors scientific management formed a foundation for operations research which is present today in various organizations. Both operations research and scientific management aims at increasing efficiency in the workers operations through the application of scientific means and systematic analysis so as to come up with a valid conclusion. According to Gass (2005, p.19), the proposers of scientific management like Taylor himself, Gilbreth and Gantt were the founders of the process of operations research. In fact, some of the techniques they applied in their studies to provide efficiency are still in use even up to date. For example, Gantt in his studies used a chart that involved planning time and tasks to be performed so as to achieve maximum productivity. It came to be known as the Gantt chart and it is still in use today especially in the project management areas. Despite operations research gaining growth as a branch on its own, it incorporates Taylors principles in its application . It continues to apply scientific methods with an aim of improving efficiency which is attributed to Taylors scientific management. Taylors scientific management gained recognition in the US and around the world. His book The Principles of Scientific Management was a hit and a success and was sold the world over. His principles were put into test by many managers in their factories so as to increase efficiency. His book was translated to different languages and his influence was now felt outside the US. The Japanese led by Takuo Godo utilized some of Taylors principles to test the productivity of Japanese workers during the Osaka Efficiency Exhibition. Takuo was able to point out that the workers in Britain were 5.3 times more productive than those in Japan while the American worker was seven times more that of the Japanese worker. In their pursuit for increased efficiency, the Japanese had to apply some of Taylors principles (Wren, 2005, p.289). Taylors work went as far to influence the Toyota production system which ensured that quality products were produced while at the same time increasing the efficiency of their workers. The application of scientific management enhanced Toyotas production system leading to their success. These principles were incorporated with novel ideas as time went by to furnish them so as to reap their full benefits. The success of Toyota is seen even today due to their high exports of their automobiles to various countries all over the world. In the 21st century, most of the activities that occur in work places base their foundation to Taylors scientific management. The cars we are driving, the hospitals we get medication from and even in the food eateries that we frequently visit have in one way or another been influenced by the principles postulated by Taylor. Their functioning has been streamlined into enhanced efficiency through these principles. Scientific management brought a revolution to management systems which have them evolved with time to accommodate new ideas and other changing variables in the workplaces. Work places have become areas of specializations where only those with specific skills and experiences can perform a certain task. Given such facts, division of labor is a common feature in todays society and this has served to improve on innovative ideas and effective production (Wren, 2005, p.293). Competition has gone on the rise for the few job opportunities that are available unlike previously when the labor force was sometimes lacking. As a result workers have continued increasing their knowledge into in order to retain their positions or even be promoted to higher posts. Companies have learnt to apply scientific methods in solving any problem that they may be facing rather than by use of a rule of thumb. For instance, it has become a common venture for companies to conduct market surveys before and during a release of a new product in the market. Once a company intends to release a product to the market, it ventures into the anticipated market to find their views and opinions on the said product. The opinions are analyzed scientifically and viable conclusions are derived. The conclusions are then incorporated into their strategic objectives and planning is taken to take into considerations the conclusions. This has served to increase the efficiency of production and improving the companys profits. A failure in the management to conduct such surveys or to embrace the reflected opinions would lead to either customer dissatisfaction or production of low quality products. When this happens, customers will shy away from the products hence sales will be minimal and thus the profits. With the current competition in the market in this 21st century such a company will be edged out of the race for customers and will definitely fall out of the market and close down. This clearly illustrates that although Taylors principles were postulated over a century ago, their effects are still being felt in the running of day to day activities of various institutions. In present days industrial processes, Taylors principles also come to play an important role. Taylor had studied the appropriate scientific designs for the tasks that the workers were performing so as to ensure they never were over worked nor were they underworked to unproductive levels. In addition, Taylor proposed that the workers should be selected scientifically according to a persons skills so as to perform those tasks that the workers are in a position biologically to perform and handle well. The workers who best adopted to their positions and worked with high efficiency were rewarded with high wages in order to motivate them to repeat the same actions (Gass, 2005, p.21). Presently, this principle has continued to be used in nearly all organizations. As a result, they have established a human resource department that is tasked with the process of recruitment. The department first announces any vacant position in their institutions through the various media and invites qualified persons to tender for the positions. The recruits are then taken through a thorough recruitment process that involves vetting their skills and abilities as may be illustrated by the experiences they have. This process can be equated to the scientific selection of workers that were proposed by Taylor and his followers. Finally, the best man for the job takes it thus securing employment in the said company. Taylor in determining the payment to be given to the workers in wages and work incentives proposed a piece-rate system. This was to award any worker more wage if they increased production outputs and also produced quality products. A very similar situation is applied presently where even in civil service the amount of payment depends on the years of experience in service and also on the skills and knowledge that you process which clearly distinguishes you from the rest. Thus the higher the experience and level of education the higher the salaries will be. Secondly, in todays institutions the human resource department has established a complex reward system that compensates the workers for their improved output in production. The various reward system used today are like fully paid holidays for employees, pay rises for good performing workers , scholarships to pursue high education, paid leaves among a variety of others. This has ensured increased competition between departments in an organization to raise their production levels so as to enjoy the enticing rewards. Psychologically, human behavior can be reinforced through positive reinforcements and vice versa. The human resource managers are thus able to utilize this to positively reinforce the behavior of ensuring increase in production in their organizations through the rewards. The application of these ideas has led to improved production within the work places as the workers are motivated to perform their duties to perfection. This has led to production of quality products into t he market that reaches the thresholds of customer satisfaction. It is also important to note of the Fordism theory which bases its concepts on the scientific management. It was employed in mass production and incorporated the concepts of a moving assembly line with the ideas of Taylors of piece rate system and division of labor (Gass, 2005, p.30). This theory proposed for a distinction between the skilled processes of production and the unskilled ones. This theory was instrumental in shaping the industrial process of mass production of various commodities which require line production like motor vehicles. However, this theory also contained several anomalies as contained by the scientific management like not allowing the workers to give their views and also according more importance to the machines than the human beings who are operating them. This theory however, rewards the workers with high wages for their increased production. This theory also accords the employers with total ownership and control to the work force and therefore could be used to harass the work force. Scientific management as presented by Taylor offered a chance for scientific training and education of all the workers with an intention of increasing their on hand skills and basic understanding of their working environment. He conducted researches to ensure maximum potential of the workers were utilized in performing their tasks. In modern times, this has continued taking place in various institutions. It has become increasing necessary for continued education due to the changing patterns and trends in the production industries (Gass, 2005, p.34). There is improvement in technology like the use of computers in performing tasks that were initially performed manually. Some of the machines that were once used in the processes of production and other tasks in the organizations have become redundant thus necessitating the use of a different and more complex machine. For example, not long ago were typewriters a common feature in offices for production of written materials. Currently, it is quite hard to notice any typewriter in use in any office across the country. This is due to rise in computer usage which have rendered them redundant. If the office worker had no relevant knowledge of computer usage, he/she will be forced to take classes in order to learn how to use the same machine. The same thing is happening in big production companies where large machines are acquired that have different usage and thus necessitating the workers handling it to undergo a further training. After noticing this tendency, the human resource departments have been tasked with ensuring their workers undergo on job trainings to increase their knowledge and remain relevant in the market. Several companies offer free scholarships to their deserving employees to pursue higher education after which they are promoted in their duties to higher positions. Other types of training are conducted like inviting a consultant who will facilitate the process of learning in formal seminar s and meetings. Whichever type the human resource decides is beneficial to their company the aim is to increase the workers scientific knowledge and education. The scientific management propagates for the idea of division of labor equally among the workers and their managers. This would ensure that there is mutual cooperation between the workers and managers and each is relying on the other for accomplishment of certain duties in their organization (Taylor, 1911, p.13). This builds formal and official relations with respect which ensures that the tasks given to each worker is performed and in good time. A team spirit is cultivated within these organizations and they are able to work together as one to achieve common objectives. In modern world, this principle has been expounded and applied resulting into increased performance and enhanced efficiency in doing work. The social aspects of a human being are catered for like the need to effectively communicate ones feelings about a certain procedure in any institution. Management has changed to democratic type where various views of each individual are incorporated into the institutions planning . The institutions frequently hold meetings where each and everyone is given a chance to air their views concerning anything that may be affecting them or even to commend a certain process being used by their organization. This has served well to increase communication in the organizations. Communication is an important process to any organization. It serves to pass important messages from managers down the organizational hierarchy up to the subordinates. Communication as a process serves to hold the organization together. It builds team work across the various departments in an organization and leads to attainment of strategic objectives and hence meeting their mission and vision. It is therefore important to have improved communication for an organization ion order to reap maximum benefits from the employees. Effective communication in an organization boosts employees morale and increases their productivity (Busch, 1980, p.98). Communication which was once referred to as a soft skill in business enterprises has turned to have impacts for the business which are hard and with dire consequences. Failure to establish effective communication will lead to dissatisfaction among employees leading to high employee turnover in the organization, there is a rise in the number of employees who dont report to work as expected due to low morale, the customers will feel dissatisfied due to receiving of poor services from the dissatisfied employees and this will lead to low quality products being produced which are not up to the standards required in the market. In addition it will lead to lack of innovations in the business which is harmful to development. Conclusion In conclusion, Taylors scientific management has served to shape the behaviors witnessed in todays organizations. However, various improvements to Taylors principles have been done by various other scholars. For example, Henry Fayol was able to integrate the social aspects of workers in to the principles. For the success of any organization, effective leadership is critical. It is for this reasons that effective managers are sought for by many institutions in order to succeed and pull through the high competition that have been witnessed in the present world. How well a leader is able to influence the team that he/she is leading will either lead to the success or to the failure of the organizations. In order for a leader to be able to lead, he/she must gain and apply power in order to see that work is performed to the given standards. They work at reinforcing their own organizational positions while at the same time striving to achieve the broad and strategic objectives of their orga nizations. Modernization and formations of workers union has served to shape the scientific principles as proposed by Taylor. With this in mind it is worth to note that Taylors scientific management principles although proposed over a century ago are being felt even in the modern day practices in institutions.

Freedom, Patriarchy, and Racial Oppression Essay example -- United Sta

Freedom, Patriarchy, and Racial Oppression The French philosopher Jean-Paul Sarte is known to have established existentialism in France after the liberation of Paris in 1944. Existentialism is the philosophy that states that the values people choose influences the choices they make and how they interpret the meanings of their decisions. When existentialism was introduced in the United States, it challenged Americans to access their ethical standards from a different perspective. America is associated with being "The land of the free". However, the American society has set standards on women's roles and racial castes and until these oppressions are eliminated the entire society will never have freedom. What is freedom? Freedom, as defined by Krisnamurti, is a state of mind in which there is no fear or compulsion, no urge to be secure. In the American society there is a need for security and there is fear. People conform to society's ideas to feel secure and fear being different, fear thinking on their own to set their own standards and choose their own values. Sartre's existentialist view of freedom is that it preexists value choices. Because people do not freely choose and follow their values, society creates ideals that control their views in life. These ideals are supposed to maintain order in society by showing everyone their place, but these ideals displace what society should stand for and prevent people from freedom. Should people follow societybs norm or become existentialists and think on their own? Society has set limits on gender roles with ideals such as male privilege and patriarchy. Patriarchy is the political structure to control womenbs thoughts on their sexuality, laboring, and place in society so... ... the exact abilities that they have and that those views and values weakening society. They could choose new values that would allow equal opportunity for all people and a better society would be able to come into existence. Minorities could use an existentialist perspective to improve their standards of themselves. The American ideals on patriarchy, male privilege, and race will continue to oppress the entire society from freedom until these views can be changed as people realize what freedom really is. People must first free themselves from society's views by realizing that they have a negative affect on everyone. They must freely choose their own values. When people in society assess their ethical standards from a new perspective and become existentialist, freedom will preexist value choices and people will choose values with the equality of everyone in mind.

Anthropological Observations

Tyler Adams Anthropology 2 17th November 2012 Research Paper Outline I. Introduction A. The purpose of this paper is to observe and understand the behaviors and aspects of culture in Starbuck’s Coffee. B. To evaluate this problem I used participant observation, analyzing and observing people without bias while participating in the environment. In participant observation one must not make it known that he or she is analyzing people so as not to change their behaviors, one must also be sure to remain unbiased throughout the process. C.I argue that there are several different motives for going to Starbuck’s but it is a central meeting place for cultures to interact and enjoy. D. The following paper will provide examples and proof that I found in my research about this situation and includes facts I observed at Starbuck’s Coffee. II. One factor about the problem: A. How many people were there at different times? B. Plenty of different sizes of groups came into Starbu ck’s. C. Conviviality in Catalina III. Another factor of the problem: A. What are the different subjects people are discussing?B. Studying, tests, research, social life, sports games, politics. C. Citation for 2nd factor IV. Another factor of the problem: A. What are the functionalities of Starbuck’s besides food and drink? B. Social gathering, studying, meeting new people. C. Citation for 3rd factor V. Conclusions A. I conclude that Starbuck’s Coffee is a central cultural meeting place where many people come for several different reasons, different amounts of people and different conversational subjects were present in the coffee shop at varying times.

Free sample - Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. translation missing

Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. Critical Analysis of the Role of United NationCritical Analysis of the Role of United Nation as a Third Party in Conflict Management Introduction As stated in the Preamble of the United Nations (UN), UN is determined â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.†[1] Since its establishment in 1945, UN’s mission is to take part in conflict prevention in order to prevent or stop any forms of violence, either between states or internal conflicts. The UN has specialized programs and agencies tasked to prevent conflicts from spreading out by targeting not only the acts of violence, but the roots of these conflicts. These programs include United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), and many others.[2] The UN successfully accomplished conflict management tasks in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Namibia, Nicaragua and El Salvador. In fact, an entire chapter of the Agenda for Peace of 1992 by the UN Secretary-General was devoted to conflict prevention. The report suggests that between the stages of conflict intensification and the policy actions which aim at ending them, a conceptual link must be created.   Conflict prevention and dispute escalation prevention are included here. Regulation of the spread of violence if it happens is also included. And it was in these policy responses’ last segment that paved the way for conflict management.[3] The Hutus’ militia and the Tutsis’ Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF): The Extremists A political conflict can occur between states, or within a state. It can be caused by various factors. A conflict can arise from political causes. It can also arise from ideological differences,[4] economic factors, ethnic or cultural causes,[5] social causes,[6] geographical issues,[7] and even psychological causes.[Burton] What happened in Rwanda was caused by an outcome of a political conflict between two groups that are attempting get monopolize the political power over the country. Conflict Management and the Rwanda Genocide Conflict management, according to Fred Tanner, Deputy Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, is â€Å"an approach that established the conceptual ground for direct outside involvement to check escalating violence by using peaceful or even coercive means, if necessary.†[8] Aside from the incidents in Yugoslavia and Somalia, the Rwanda Genocide is one of the historical event which calls for the need to reassess the role of the United Nations in conflict prevention and conflict management. And this paper tries to discuss the episodes in the Rwanda Genocide that prompted even the UN to review its own concept on conflict management. The United Nations Assistance Mission of Rwanda It was the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) that the United Nations tasked to aid the implementation of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Signed in August 4, 1993 by the government of Rwanda and the RPF, the Arusha Accords were meant to end the Rwandan Civil War. Hence, UNAMIR’s task was to aid the peace process between the Rwanda government and the rebel RPF. [9] It was established by the Security Council Resolution 872 on October 5, 1992. The purpose of the UNAMIR is to ensure Kigali’s security, monitor the ceasefire agreement between the two opposing groups, put up an expanded demilitarized zone and demobilization procedures, monitor the security situation on the final period of the transitional government’s mandate until the election, assist with mine clearance and in coordination of humanitarian assistance activities and relief operations.[10] It was Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh of Cameroon and Lieutenant-General Romà ©o Dallaire as the head of the UNAMIR. Belgian soldiers make up about 400 members of the troops. Note that Belgium has colonized Rwanda in the past. In matters of peace-keeping processes, the UN normally bans the former colonial power from taking position. The Rwanda Government and the rebels appear to follow the Arusha Peace Agreement. Both sides appear to be steadfast at creating the transitional government before the 1993 ends. However, the events that followed delayed the establishment of a transitional government. After President Habyarimana was inaugurated on January 5, 1994, major disagreements came between the opposing groups. There were warnings sent to UN alarming the assembly of the genocide that was about to happen against the Tutsi minority and anti-tribalist Hutus. The warning came three months before the mass murder. However, UN ignored these warnings.[11] (The warning about the forthcoming genocide and the perpetrators came from General Romeo Dallaire himself, cabled to the UN Secretary-General at that time, Mr. Kofi Annan. General Dallaire asked UN permission for an immediate action to intervene against the mass slaughter planned by Hutu forces. But the general’s request was declined by the UN Department of Peacekeeping.[12]) This created confusion in the UNAMIR whether or not to use power. The orders issued by UN to UNAMIR were very limited. IN short, UNAMIR was rendered useless as the thousands of people are slaughtered. The UN failed to extend the UNAMIR’s mandate to protect the people of Rwanda from the genocide. The mission’s job was limited to evacuating foreign nationals from Rwanda.[13] In fact, the peace-keeping force deployed by UN at the end of 1993, which is supposed to aid in the implementation of the cease fire between the two opposing groups, received severe criticism. There are countries that did not agree to send stronger force. One of these countries was the United States, ally of Britain.[14] The United Nation’s failed mission: â€Å"The Report on the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda† The council members of UN later acknowledged the failure of their mission to protect the peoples of Rwanda in a time where they mostly need it.[15] The UN even accepted the result of the independent inquiry lead by former Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson on the actions taken by the UN in Rwanda. The report states UN’s failure to ignore the warnings about the genocide despite the evidences that the mass slaughter will indeed happen. According to the report, UN failed in the 1994 Rwanda Genocide in many ‘fundamental respects.’[16]   (The surprising thing was that no one in the international community anticipated the level of atrocity that happened in Rwanda.) With the evidence that was forwarded to UN regarding the organized mass murder that is going to happen, a contingency plan should have been made, as mandated by the Geneva Convention.[17] The report enumerates the reasons why UN failed: First, UN not only lacked the resources, but it also lacked the commitment to prevent the genocide from happening. The UNAMIR was also found to be not well planned in a way that it can respond to possible extremist act by either camp. The UNAMIR is also stated as a watered down version of the original plan by UN on the level of strength that will be deployed to Rwanda. [18] The inquiry points out that UN’s Center for Human Rights and DPKO did not do adequate political investigation and analysis during the tensions. This resulted to the inadequacy of UNAMIR’s mandate.[19] This is also why UN’s peace-force in Rwanda was harshly criticized by the international community. Other failures that the inquiry notes were the ‘implementation of the mandate itself’, ‘confusion over the rules of engagement’, ‘failure to respond to the genocide’, ‘inadequate resources and logistic’, and many others. The report lead by Carlsson has deemed the UN useless during the worst moment in that particular episode in Rwanda’s history. However, there surely are factors that prevented the UN to come up with an in-depth analysis of the information on political situation in Rwanda, if the vital information are at UN’s disposal. As we can see in the discussion that will follow, the UN is caught in situations where it even finds itself inadequate at some moments during the tension in Rwanda. On why the United Nations (and other international agencies) did not take further steps to prevent the genocide from occurring In the international community, no one anticipated the kind of horror that happened. It was only the only close observers that the genocide will certainly happen. The messages (that is, the warnings) remained unclear for the international agencies including UN. In a report headed by Howard Adelman et al, the vague messages are found in four areas: â€Å"contradictions in the international system; the UN structure; attitude of senior officials towards messengers and inadequacies in the message sent; and interference.†[20] UN’s principle in neutrality when it comes to information gathering isn’t necessarily applicable it times when international peace and security is under serious threat. This prevented the UN to arm itself with the capacity to collect and analyze information, which are vital when it comes to conflict management, during the tensions in Rwanda. [21] Another factor that caused UN’s failure in conflict management in Rwanda is that it is trapped between disinterested nations, Tanzania and US. These nations, especially US, showed no intentions to share its collected and analyzed (a result of CIA’s ‘desk-analysis’) information to UN.[22] The structure of the UN gives power to the Secretary General to give permission to UNAMIR for an immediate action to intervene in the plot for genocide in order to prevent it from happening. However, this power is not maximized in the case of Rwanda. One reason is that UN lacks staff. (Rwanda is only monitored by one person.) However, the deeper reason lies in the restructuring of the Secretariat since 1990. It is here where UN lost its capacity to collect vital information that can be analyzed and used as basis for making contingency plans. The distribution of the Secretary-General of his responsibilities to other agencies and departments also left the DPA, which should play an essential part in conflict management, lacking in logistics to carry out the task.[23] Another area that prevented the UN to take further actions is the messengers. The agencies that are associated with UN are reluctant to divulge information. That is to say, they are suspicious as to how the political and military information will be used. One thing more is the propaganda that the Hutu-dominated mass media spread. This made many, including members of UN, suspicious of the circulating information. Even the UN Secretary-General realized the disadvantage of not having the mass media on UN’s side. Mass media might have been played an important source for information. As mentioned, UN did not expect the magnitude of the event that happened. First, just because genocide is rare, the UN concluded that it will not happen at that time in Rwanda. Second, it is confident in the Tsutsis, blind to the fact that these people are also miscalculating the conditions around them. (The Tsutsis also did not expect that the rest of the world will walk out from Rwanda the moment the Hutu extremists (militia, armed forces of the government and even civilians) tries to erase them from the face of their own country.[24] There are other factors that prevented UN from thinking clearly and thereby also preventing it from acting accordingly. First, the UN is completely confident of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Second, their sense of judgment was clouded by its past experience in Somalia. Before the genocide broke out, the situation in Rwanda is peripheral compared to many other global issues that the UN is paying attention to.[25] The Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights and other human rights agencies, as well as the RPF used the word genocide in the reports they made to UN. However, the ambiguity of the definition of genocide also created confusion on the messages conveyed to UN.[26] Another thing is that the UN seems to not learn from what happened in Burundi just six months before the Rwanda Genocide happened – around 50,000 to 100,000 people were killed. Rather than considered as a political conflict, the conflict between the Hutus and the Tsutsis were considered only as a continuing ancient feud.[27] Conclusion and Recommendation Clearly, the United Nations failed in conflict management in Rwanda. This is because it lacks the vital factors in order to carry out the task. The UN sent UNAMIR to ensure peace in Rwanda. UN becomes too confident that no genocide will occur. The UN had received warnings about the Hutu-planned genocide, but ignored it because of a complex web of factors. In some of the situations, UN is caught between states, which are members of UN, which has their own motives regarding the situation. If examined, UN failed in information gathering that is very important in conflict management. The UN should reassess its structure in order to make collecting information and making in-depth analysis more efficient. (Remember that UN lost most of these capacities when it restructured its Secretariat.) This is in connection to the Rwanda Report’s recommendation that the UN should improve its early warning capacity. And this can only be done through improving its coordination with various institutions. As suggested by the Report, the UN should improve its capacity â€Å"to analyze and respond to information about possible conflicts, and its operational capability for preventive action†. In this context, the report suggests that â€Å"further enhancement of the cooperation between different Secretariat departments, UNSECOORD programmes and agencies and outside actors, including regional and subregional organizations NGOs and the academic world, is essential.†