The Relationship between Poetry and Music in Whitmans Life and Work

The Relationship among Poetry and Music in Whitmans Life and Work Music and particularly Italian drama had a huge effect upon the wonderful style and life of Walt Whitman. Attached to music and entranced with show exhibitions, Whitman needed to spread the possibility of the magnificence of music to the masses.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Relationship among Poetry and Music in Whitman’s Life and Work explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The drama exhibitions have become a wellspring of joy and motivation for the writer. Whitman was interested with show as a multi-layered canvas consolidating the highlights of dramatization, music, move and verse and attempted to utilize drama references and performing voice for broadening the customary casings of verse. The expressions ‘I see’ and ‘I hear’ are compatible all through the content of Whitman’s sonnets and advance to the readers’ creative mind for strengthening the impact delivered by other language implies and elaborate gadgets utilized in his works. The sonnets â€Å"Song of Myself† and â€Å"Proud Music of the Storm† which were incorporated into Whitman’s assortment of sonnets Leaves of Grass exhibit the effect of music and show upon the idyllic style, pictures and cadenced shape of Whitman’s verse. Credibility of Whitman’s sonnets The assortment of sonnets Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman speaks to the aftereffect of the poet’s scans for himself and his commitment to genuineness of American verse. As it was refered to in the book by Skaggs Overtones of Opera in American Literature from Whitman to Wharton, remarking on his works distributed in Leaves of Grass, Whitman conceded that he expected to get himself and his specialty in American writing so that to make those sonnets previously distributed in 1855 (Skaggs 13). Whitman recognized the impact of Emerson, another extraordinary American writer who advanced the possibility of validness of Ameri can verse and bolstered Whitman in discovering his novel style.Advertising Looking for paper on craftsmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under the impact of Emerson’s feel, the customary American majority rule goals, including those of equitable balance, decent variety and confidence, have become the focal topics of Whitman’s sonnets (Loving 355). In â€Å"A Backward Glance O’er Travel’d Roads†, one of works included into the 1889 release of Leaves of Grass, Whitman conceded that adding to credibility of American verse was his essential tendency in choosing the topics and thought processes in this assortment of sonnets: â€Å"I would sing, and forget about or put in, exclusively concerning America and today† (Skaggs 13). It is huge that regarding his fills in as melodies of vote based system, Whitman shows substance of his sonnets, yet in addition their structure and rhythmical shape. While Emerson’s feel had a noteworthy effect upon the determination and trim of Whitman’s standards, the melodic rhythms and especially Italian drama affected the poet’s meter-production strategies. Carrying the magnificence of music to the majority Faithful to the goals of American vote based system in his works and individual life, Whitman exceptionally valued the music and was planned for getting its excellence to the majority his sonnets. Whitman dismissed the generalization that lone the well off first class can comprehend the stylish estimation of music and accentuated the job of music in government funded instruction and community life. The artist conceded that making music a standard part of studies at schools could have a positive effect upon the psyches and propensities for American youth. Building up his thoughts, Whitman brought up at the imperative job of music in setting up the national character of American individuals: â€Å"Th e subtlest soul of a country is communicated through its music †and the music demonstrations equally upon the nation’s very soul† (Skaggs 14). In Whitman’s supposition, music and melodies can assist a country with expressing their interests and sentiments. To begin with, Whitman separated the music of feeling and the music of workmanship. Later on, during the time spent development of his perspectives, he reasoned that music can turn into a spiritualizing power for a vote based society and a fine art for communicating the just goals in his verse. These progressions can be clarified with the internal clash in Whitman’s soul. He was consistently enamored with music, however when Italian show originally came to New York in 1825, most columnists condemned it for its misrepresentation, and Whitman definitely experienced the impact of this common antagonistic opinion.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Relationship among Poetry and M usic in Whitman’s Life and Work explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The pundits guaranteed that drama artists sounded unnatural communicating their energy or vengeance in tunes since individuals don't sing, all things considered. Be that as it may, after closer associate with show, Whitman was captivated with its excellence and spiritualizing power and chose to spread its magnificence to the majority by deciphering drama in his sonnets. Drama as a wellspring of motivation and professional need Though Whitman was attached to music as a rule and acknowledged different melodic classifications, his revelation of show permitted him to apply its melodic structures in verse. The spiritualizing power of drama was useful for communicating human emotions and portraying their encounters. Whitman’s colleague with drama began as professional need. As a columnist, he needed to join in and audit various drama exhibitions. Along these lines, this professional need p ermitted Whitman to hear and see the best of European and American show artists. To begin with, Whitman like a large portion of his comrades didn't value the excellence of drama as a result of his obsolete melodic tastes. Be that as it may, his writer practice which harmonized with the brilliant long stretches of show in America encouraged the advancement of his preferences and made drama Whitman’s most loved type of craftsmanship, yet a significant gadget which the artist executed in forming his later works. There is proof that Whitman kept searching for the chances to go to drama exhibitions in any event, during the long periods of the Civil War (Skaggs 16). Also, much after his columnist vocation was finished, the artist looked for show encounters which remained the wellspring of his delight and motivation. There is authentic proof that the character of an exceptional drama vocalist of the period Marietta Alboni and her announcement of the standards of Aural magnificence a nd indifference in show workmanship affected Whitman’s style essentially (Schmidgall 52). The long stretches of Whitman’s interest for drama matched with the long stretches of his work on the sonnets which later were distributed in the assortment of sonnets Leaves of Grass. Promoting Searching for article on craftsmanship and structure? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Hence, the impact of drama upon Whitman’s composing style can be recognized in the exchange of pictures, rhythmical form and expressive gadgets of the sonnets included into the book, for example, â€Å"Song of Myself† and â€Å"Proud Music of the Storm†, for instance. Performing voice in â€Å"Song of Myself† Aimed at spreading the vote based goals and the excellence of music to the majority, in interpreting the intensity of show to the wide crowd in his sonnets, Whitman found the open doors for idyllic self-articulation and including the performing voice into his works for improving their stylish worth. It ought to be noticed that show as a work of art is a half breed kind which joins the highlights of music, yet additionally dramatization, move and verse. Drama as a multi-layered canvas pulled in Whitman’s consideration with the assortment of chances for wonderful self-articulation. As an artist, Whitman came up short on the techniques which can b e utilized in music and move and chose to join a performing voice into his verse which permitted him to beat the insufficiency of words and ended up being a much needed refresher into American verse. The sonnet â€Å"Song of Myself† can be viewed as Whitman’s tasteful admission in which he announces his principle objectives for utilizing show inferences and addressing the vote based goals in his works. The opening of the sonnet looks like poet’s sociopolitical recognizable proof and announcement of his philosophical and tasteful standards (Williams 49). A significant guideline of Whitman’s verse is festivity of the intensity of human voice which is associated with the body and can go past the essential implications of words. In the sonnet â€Å"Song of Myself†, Whitman broadcasts: â€Å"I am the writer of the Body and I am the artist of the Soul† (Skaggs 19). The vocalist vanishes and these are just his unadulterated voice and its sound that are left to for the crowd. Therefore, fusing drama suggestions into his works and interpreting his own view of show into a performing voice, Whitman expanded the customary edges of verse and planned to arrive at the undetectable components of reality in his melodies which would be unimaginable without utilizing an expressive gadget which permitted utilizing the content of a sonnet as a multi-layered canvas. The perusers of the sonnets by Whitman are relied upon to see more than the outside of his words. â€Å"My voice follows what my eyes can't reach† (Skaggs 19). All in all, in his sonnet â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman clarified his comprehension of the job of a performing voice in upgrading the tasteful estimation of his works and improving their internal working for conveying the vote based standards and the possibility of the magnificence of music to the target group. In the sonnet under considerat

Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance

Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance While there is no specific unequivocal edict in the heavenly books that states ‘thou will not allow intolerance’, it is without question that strict resistance on qualities, truth and convictions is yet to be acknowledged since it is the idea of religions to contend. Studies demonstrate that the limit religions have been hugely influenced by rivalry, strict judgments and conflicts.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Carlos contends that strict resistance is a significant segment that envelops an ethical explanation by a specific religion to rehearse restriction from making counterproductive expressions or meddling with the undertakings of different religions (777). Various religions have assorted allowances of faith based expectations and practices. This has reproduced absence of resilience. It is from this thought thi s paper gives a top to bottom examination of Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian religions with respect to the idea of strict resilience. A short investigation of the idea of strict resistance Perhaps, Costa was right when he demonstrated that a general public will never be fruitful until it addresses completely the issue of strict resilience among various religions (322). Strict contrasts as far as practices and convictions have been significant reasons for clashes and strict differences in nations like Bosnia, Beirut and Belfast for a long time. Of basic significance is the troubling issue of fear based oppression by Al Qaeda that has anticipated wars on a worldwide scale. It is without a doubt genuine that strict resistance and the issue of strict decent variety present a significant risk to people, social orders and the world on the loose. This springs from specific religions which see themselves as preferred and further developed over others (323). Attributable to this imposs ible to miss arrangement, these religions create explicit principles that are for the most part used to characterize them from others and use it as the fundamental stage for making a decision about others. Now, examiners will in general miracle why a strict gathering would ignore others and comprehensively subvert the requirement for assorted variety. Scholars and thinkers collectively concur that strict assorted variety and resilience present a difficult issue that presents epistemological difficulties. The significant world religions, for example, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism have diverse conviction frameworks which make them novel. This presents significant difficulties as tended to below.Advertising Looking for exposition on religion religious philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Abrahamitic religions Abrahanmic religions as Neal sets is a gathering of monotheistic confidence whose start can b e followed from Abraham and which underscores profound acts of Abraham (497). A portion of the Abrahamic religions incorporate Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The last accept that strict practices and convictions sprang from Abraham’s grandson named Jacob. It sees God in a carefully unitary way and lean towards the Hebrew Bible. Then again, Christianity developed into a religion from Judaism with its own arrangement of practices and convictions. Christianity as a religion is viewed as a conviction framework dependent on the life and lessons of Jesus. These lessons found in the Bible show God’s sparing arrangement for mankind through Jesus Christ. In this conviction framework, Christians are likewise made to accept that evil spirits and blessed messengers exist and that they (Christians) are accomplices with God in achieving God’s purposes. At long last, Islam is a religion which as shaped in the seventh century BC in Arabia (Carlos 777). Its disciples who are t he Muslims, have faith in a definitive power, lessons and practices of the Quran advertisement Muhammad. While Abrahamic religions share certain likenesses like monotheistic accepts and a see of God as the incomparable wellspring of good law, it is without vulnerability that they show diverse crucial precepts, convictions and practices through which they can activate philosophical contentions. For example, Christian practices and convictions, for example, mysterious virtuosi and commonplace encounters contrast with that of Islam which doesn't trust in the Holy Spirit, a thought which every religion legitimizes from its wellspring of good law. Additionally, Christian acts of constrained transformation, for example, those rehearsed by the Roman Catholic Church conflicts with the acts of different religions and don't just irritate human nobility, yet in addition dirty the religion (Schmidt-Leukel 379). Muslims have faith in converting their religion and powerfully spread it to a degree of executing the individuals who dismiss their confidence through blessed wars (Husin, Malek and Gapor 113). Judaism not at all like Christianity rejects express preachers and accepts that exemplary nature originates from holding fast to Noahide laws (Husin, Malek and Gapor 113).These contrasts among others present vexing difficulties to resilience and pitch one religion as an unvanquished adversary to the rest.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More East Asian and South Asian religions East Asian religions are a gathering of religions viewed as unmistakable religions families shaping the subset of Eastern religions. A portion of the religions in this gathering as showed by Schmidt-Leukel incorporate Chinese, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, Chongdogyo, Chen Tao, Shinto, Caodaism and Taoism (379). It is basic to bring up that their m ethods of reasoning, practices and ideas depend on Tao. Studies uncover that while the East Asian Religious practices vary with those of significant strict gatherings, they bear some similarity with those of the Indian religions and Abrahamic religions. All things considered, Costa contends this doesn't imply that individuals from the Abrahamic religion endure East Asian religions as they show significant characteristics (323). One of them is their non-mystical or polytheistic nature with different assortments like skeptic, panestheistic and henostheistic in Asia and abroad. While a large portion of the East Asian religions discover their resistance of one another on Tao, different religions think that its hard to grasp and endure their training, for example, vacancy, relativism and immediacy in Taoism and confidence in animistic spirits in Confucianism. Then again, South Asian religions, for example, Hinduism and Buddhism have been considered by numerous investigators as powerful a nd dynamic strict confidence on the planet today because of the combination of non-Verdict Shramana customs of local south Asia with the decision religion of Indo-Aryan. An examination of strict resilience The capacity of religions or disciples of various religions to show resistance in spite of their assorted variety in practices and convictions is one of the key stages towards more prominent collaboration, adherence, comprehensive commitment by all and inevitable development and advancement of a general public. Limiting strict clashes has been considered by Quinn as a primary rule that could encourage another blueprint towards a profoundly joined society at the neighborhood and national level (136). In understanding, Quinn’s sign that tending to issues influencing strict resistance requires a comprehensive inclusion at all levels in world religions seems to adhere with that of Schmidt-Leukel who shows that it is the foreboding shadow of strict wars that has throughout the y ears stifled the capacity of the people and the general public to advance (379).Advertising Searching for paper on religion philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More One such distinction as of now showed in the paper is the training by Christians of powerful change and the Jihad of Muslims or their mighty spread of Islamic convictions. Be that as it may, investigators seem partitioned over the real techniques that could be utilized in tending to the issue. Cutting-edge, most religions that don't share convictions and practices have neglected to endure one another and rather alluded to others as outsider and their practices as strange. Take for example the viewpoint held by Christian that they are the religion that is nearer to reality than others (Husin, Malek and Gapor 113). This not just makes the thought of rivalry and pride, yet sets different religions as substandard. The Muslims then again, are convinced by their conviction to kill unbelievers through demonstrations of war, a thought that makes different religions to draw back with loathsomeness. This has prompted strict segregation generally observers among Christians and Muslims. As thoug h that isn't sufficient, Quinn pillories that the preliminary to gather equalization and resistance between one religion and another has stayed a hard nut to open (137). In any case, it is the versatility of wars between strict realities that has stayed a thistle in the new for long. In the Middle East, Husin, Malek and Gapor show that the two Muslims and Christian see themselves as be unrivaled and in this manner conjure significant clashes in the area (112). Further on religion, Quinn charges the adherents supporting water while they take wine by neglecting to stick to precepts of charitableness and care for others as upheld for by Christ, Gautama and Mohammed in Islam (139). Ends From the conversation, unmistakably various religions have different practices and convictions that administer them. These distinctions have to a great extent contributed towards the test of strict resistance since every religion appears to romanticize its training and view others as second rate. There i s requirement for religions to cease from denouncing and censuring practices and conviction frameworks held by others. Rather, there is have to develop

Fresh Ink May 6, 2014

Fresh Ink May 6, 2014 HARDCOVER RELEASES The Bees by Laline Paull (Ecco)   Born into the lowest class of her rigid, hierarchical society, Flora 717 is a sanitation worker, an Untouchable fit only to clean and remove the bodies of the dead from her orchard hive. As part of the collective, she is taught to Accept, Obey, Serveâ€"work and sacrifice are the highest virtues, and worship of her beloved Queen the only religion. Her society is governed by the priestess class, questions are forbidden, and all thoughts belong to the Hive Mind.  But Flora is not like other beesâ€"a difference that holds profound consequences. With circumstances threatening the hive’s survival, her curiosity is regarded as a dangerous flaw but her courage and strength are an asset. She is allowed to feed the newborns in the royal nursery and then to become a forager, flying alone and free to collect pollen. She also finds her way into the Queen’s inner sanctum, where she discovers mysteries about the hive that are both profound and ominous.  But when Flora breaks the most sacred law of allâ€"daring to challenge the Queen’s fertilityâ€"enemies abound, from the fearsome fertility police who enforce the strict social hierarchy; to the high priestesses jealously wedded to power. Her deepest instincts to serve and sacrifice are now overshadowed by an even deeper desire, a fierce maternal love that will bring her into conflict with her conscience, her heart, her societyâ€"and lead her to unthinkable deeds. The Snow Queen by Michael Cunningham (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)   It’s November 2004. Barrett Meeks, having lost love yet again, is walking through Central Park when he is inspired to look up at the sky; there he sees a pale, translucent light that seems to regard him in a distinctly godlike way. Barrett doesn’t believe in visionsâ€"or in Godâ€"but he can’t deny what he’s seen. At the same time, in the not-quite-gentrified Bushwick neighborhood of Brooklyn, Tyler, Barrett’s older brother, a struggling musician, is tryingâ€"and failingâ€"to write a wedding song for Beth, his wife-to-be, who is seriously ill.  Tyler is determined to write a song that will be not merely a sentimental ballad but an enduring expression of love. Barrett, haunted by the light, turns unexpectedly to religion. Tyler grows increasingly convinced that only drugs can release his creative powers. Beth tries to face mortality with as much courage as she can summon. The Painter by Peter Heller (Knopf)   Jim Stegner has seen his share of violence and loss. Years ago he shot a man in a bar. His marriage disintegrated. He grieved the one thing he loved. In the wake of tragedy, Jim, a well-known expressionist painter, abandoned the art scene of Santa Fe to start fresh in the valleys of rural Colorado. Now he spends his days painting and fly-fishing, trying to find a way to live with the dark impulses that sometimes overtake him. He works with a lovely model. His paintings fetch excellent prices. But one afternoon, on a dirt road, Jim comes across a man beating a small horse, and a brutal encounter rips his quiet life wide open. Fleeing Colorado, chased by men set on retribution, Jim returns to New Mexico, tormented by his own relentless conscience. History of the Rain by Niall Williams (Bloomsbury USA)   We are our stories. We tell them to stay alive or keep alive those who only live now in the telling. That’s how it seems to me, being alive for a little while, the teller and the told. So says Ruthie Swain. The bedridden daughter of a dead poet, home from college after a collapse (Something Amiss, the doctors say), she is trying to find her father through storiesâ€"and through generations of family history in County Clare (the Swains have the written stories, from salmon-fishing journals to poems, and the maternal MacCarrolls have the oral) and through her own writing (with its Superabundance of Style). Ruthie turns also to the books her father left behind, his library transposed to her bedroom and stacked on the floor, which she pledges to work her way through while she’s still living. In her attic room, with the rain rushing down the windows, Ruthie writes Ireland, with its weather, its rivers, its lilts, and its lows. The stories she uncovers and recounts bring back to life multiple generations buried in this soilâ€"and they might just bring her back into the world again, too. But Enough About You: Essays by Christopher Buckley (Simon Schuster)   In his first book of essays since his 1997 bestseller,  Wry Martinis, Buckley delivers a rare combination of big ideas and truly fun writing. Tackling subjects ranging from “How to Teach Your Four-Year-Old to Ski” to “A Short History of the Bug Zapper,” and “The Art of Sacking” to literary friendships with Joseph Heller and Christopher Hitchens, he is at once a humorous storyteller, astute cultural critic, adventurous traveler, and irreverent historian. Reading these essays is the equivalent of being in the company of a tremendously witty and enlightening companion. Praised as “both deeply informed and deeply funny” by  The Wall Street Journal, Buckley will have you laughing and reflecting in equal measure. After the End by Amy Plum (HarperTeen)   Juneau has grown up knowing that she and the rest of the people in her village are some of  the only survivors of World War III. But when Juneau returns from a hunting trip one day and discovers that everyone in her village has disappeared, she sets off to find them. Leaving the boundaries in remote Alaska  for the very first time, she learns a horrifying truth: There never was a war.  Everything was a lie.Juneau must now make her way in a modern world she never knew existed. But while she’s struggling to rescue her friends and family, someone else is looking for her. Someone who knows the extraordinary truth about the secrets of her past. The Last Kind Words Saloon by Larry McMurtry (Liverlight)   Opening in the settlement of Long Grass, Texas-not quite in Kansas, and nearly New Mexico-we encounter the taciturn Wyatt, whiling away his time in between bottles, and the dentist-turned-gunslinger Doc, more adept at poker than extracting teeth. Now hailed as heroes for their days of subduing drunks in Abilene and Dodge-more often with a mean look than a pistol-Wyatt and Doc are living out the last days of a way of life that is passing into history, two men never more aware of the growing distance between their lives and their legends. Along with Wyatts wife, Jessie, who runs the titular saloon, we meet Lord Ernle, an English baron; the exotic courtesan San Saba, the most beautiful whore on the plains; Charlie Goodnight, the Texas Ranger turned cattle driver last seen in McMurtrys  Comanche Moon, and Nellie Courtright, the witty and irrepressible heroine of  Telegraph Days. McMurtry traces the rich and varied friendship of Wyatt Earp and Doc Holiday from the town of Long Grass to Buffalo Bills Wild West Show in Denver, then to Mobetie, Texas, and finally to Tombstone, Arizona, culminating with the famed gunfight at the O.K. Corral, rendered here in McMurtrys stark and peerless prose. With the buffalo herds gone, the Comanche defeated, and vast swaths of the Great Plains being enclosed by cattle ranches, Wyatt and Doc live on, even as the storied West that forged their myths disappears. As harsh and beautiful, and as brutal and captivating as the open range it depicts,  The Last Kind Words Salooncelebrates the genius of one of our most original American writers. The Book of You by Claire Kendall (Harper)   Most people dread the prospect of jury duty, but university administrator Clarissa wants nothing more than to be selected for a trial. Every day she serves means a day away from her colleague Rafe, an academic expert on the darker side of folk tales with whom Clarissa spent one drunken night. That encounter only serves to fuel his growing obsession with her, and he is not about to let her slip away.The Book of You is a riveting portrait of a woman terrorizedâ€"emotionally and physicallyâ€"by a man bent on possessing her. As a disturbingly violent crime unfolds in front of her in court, Clarissa finds herself experiencing an equally harrowing nightmare in real life. Realizing that she bears the burden of proof, she uncovers piece by piece the twisted, macabre fairytale Rafe has spun around them both, discovering that the ending he envisions for them is more awful than she could have ever imagined. All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr (Scribner)   Marie Laure lives with her father in Paris within walking distance of the Museum of Natural History where he works as the master of the locks (there are thousands of locks in the museum). When she is six, she goes blind, and her father builds her a model of their neighborhood, every house, every manhole, so she can memorize it with her fingers and navigate the real streets with her feet and cane. When the Germans occupy Paris, father and daughter flee to Saint-Malo on the Brittany coast, where Marie-Laure’s agoraphobic great uncle lives in a tall, narrow house by the sea wall.In another world in Germany, an orphan boy, Werner, grows up with his younger sister, Jutta, both enchanted by a crude radio Werner finds. He becomes a master at building and fixing radios, a talent that wins him a place at an elite and brutal military academy and, ultimately, makes him a highly specialized tracker of the Resistance. Werner travels through the heart of Hitler Youth to the far-flung outskirts o f Russia, and finally into Saint-Malo, where his path converges with Marie-Laure. The Unwitting by Ellen Feldman (Spiegel Grau)   During the Cold War, many liberal anti-communist writers, artists, musicians, and intellectuals ended up working for organizations that were CIA fronts. CIA protocol dictated that one individual in the various organizations would be investigated, sworn to secrecy, and told about the CIA connection and funding. That individual was, in Agency parlance, witting. Everyone else was unwitting.  The Unwitting  is about a husband who is witting, a wife who is unwitting, and the unraveling of her life when she discovers that the person she is closest to in the world, the husband she loved and trusted, has betrayed her not with another woman but with an allegiance. Wonderland by Stacey DErasmo (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)   Anna Brundage is a rock star. She is tall and sexy, with a powerhouse voice and an unforgettable mane of red hair. She came out of nowhere, an immediate indie sensation. And then, life happened. Anna went down as fast as she went up, and then walked off the scene for seven years. Without a record deal or clamoring fans, she sells a piece of her famous fathers art to finance just one more album and a European comeback tour. Anna is forty-four. This may be her last chance to cement her place in the life she chose, the life she struggled for, the life shes not sure she can sustain. She falls back easily into the ways of the road-sex with strangers, the search for the perfect moment onstage. To see Anna perform is something-watch her find the note, the electric connection with the audience, the transcendence when it all comes together and the music seems to fill the world. ________________________ PAPERBACK RELEASES Authority by Jeff VanderMeer (FSG Originals)   For thirty years, the only human engagement with Area X has taken the form of a series of expeditions monitored by a secret agency called the Southern Reach. After the disastrous twelfth expedition chronicled in  Annihilation,  the Southern Reach is in disarray, and John Rodriguez, aka “Control,” is the team’s newly appointed head. From a series of interrogations, a cache of hidden notes, and hours of profoundly troubling video footage, the secrets of Area X begin to reveal themselvesâ€"and what they expose pushes Control to confront disturbing truths about both himself and the agency he’s promised to serve. And the consequences will  spread much further than that. The Rathbones by Janice Clark (Anchor)   Mercy, fifteen years old, is the diminutive scion of the Rathbone clan. Her father, the last in the dynasty of New England whalers, has been lost at sea for seven years-ever since the last sperm whale was seen off the coast of Naiwayonk, Connecticut. Mercys memories of her father and of the time before he left grow dimmer each day, and she spends most of her time in the attic hideaway of her reclusive Uncle Mordecai. But when a strange visitor turns up one night, Mercy and Mordecai are forced to flee and set sail on a journey that will bring them deep into the haunted history of the Rathbone family. From the depths of the sea to the lonely heights of the widows walk; from the wisdom of the worn Rathbone wives to the mysterious origins of a sinking island, Mercy and Mordecais enchanting journey will bring them to places they never thought possible. Instructions for a Heatwave by Maggie OFarrell (Vintage)   London, 1976. In the thick of a record-breaking heatwave, Gretta Riordans newly-retired husband has cleaned out his bank account and vanished. Now, for the first time in years, the three Riordan children are converging on their childhood home: Michael Francis, a history teacher whose marriage is failing; Monica, with two stepdaughters who despise her and an ugly secret that has driven a wedge between her and the little sister she once adored; and Aoife (pronounced EE-fah), the youngest, whose new life in Manhattan is elaborately arranged to conceal her illiteracy. As the siblings track down clues to their fathers disappearance, they also navigate rocky pasts and long-held secrets. Their search ultimately brings them to their ancestral village in Ireland, where the truth of their familys past is revealed.   The Residue Years by Mitchell S. Jackson (Bloomsbury USA) Mitchell S. Jackson grew up black in a neglected neighborhood in America’s whitest city, Portland, Oregon. In the ’90s, those streets and beyond had fallen under the shadow of crack cocaine and its familiar mayhem. In his commanding debut autobiographical novel, Mitchell writes what it was to come of age in that time and place, with a breakout voice that’s nothing less than extraordinary. The Residue Years  switches between the perspectives of a young man, Champ, and his mother, Grace. Grace is just out of a drug treatment program, trying to stay clean and get her kids back. Champ is trying to do right by his mom and younger brothers, and dreams of reclaiming the only home he and his family have ever shared. But selling crack is the only sure way he knows to achieve his dream. In this world of few options and little opportunity, where love is your strength and your weakness, this family fights for family and against what tears one apart. The Daughters of Mars by Thomas Keneally (Washington Square Press)   In 1915, Naomi and Sally Durance, two spirited Australian sisters, join the war effort as nurses, escaping the confines of their father’s farm and carrying a guilty secret with them. Used to tending the sick as they are, nothing could have prepared them for what they confront, first on a hospital ship near Gallipoli, then on the Western Front.Yet amid the carnage, the sisters become the friends they never were at home and find themselves courageous in the face of extreme danger and also the hostility from some on their own side. There is great bravery, humor, and compassion, too, and the inspiring example of the remarkable women they serve alongside. In France, where Naomi nurses in a hospital set up by the eccentric Lady Tarlton while Sally works in a casualty clearing station, each meets an exceptional man: the kind of men for whom they might give up some of their newfound independenceâ€"if only they all survive. A Guide to Being Born: Stories by Ramona Ausubel (Riverhead Trade)   Major new literary talent Ramona Ausubel combines the otherworldly wisdom of her much-loved debut novel, No One Is Here Except All of Us, with the precision of the short-story form. A Guide toBeing Born is organized around the stages of lifeâ€"love, conception, gestation, birthâ€"and the transformations that happen as people experience deeply altering life events, falling in love, becoming parents, looking toward the end of life. In each of these eleven stories Ausubel’s stunning imagination and humor are moving, entertaining, and provocative, leading readers to see the familiar world in a new way. In “Atria” a pregnant teenager believes she will give birth to any number of strange animals rather than a human baby; in “Catch and Release” a girl discovers the ghost of a Civil War hero living in the woods behind her house; and in “Tributaries” people grow a new arm each time they fall in love. Funny, surprising, and delightfully strangeâ€"all the stories have a strong emotional core; Ausubel’s primary concern is always love, in all its manifestations. Seven Lives and One Great Love, Memories of a Cat by Lena Divani (Europa Editions)   If you have ever lived with cats you know how cunning, tender, ferocious, underhanded, ingenious, foolish and completely adorable they can be. The same words can be used to describe the hero of this novel, Sugar. This is the storyâ€"a love story of epic dimensionsâ€"of Sugar, a cat with a keen wit and a reflective nature, and his human, Madamigella, a writer with a frenetic and impossibly dispersive life. In this his seventh life, Sugar has countless stories to tell and a remarkable talent for telling them. But his real area of expertise lies in his preternatural ability to domesticate his humansâ€"whatever you do, don’t even suggest that we are the ones who domesticate him and his feline relatives! With wit and a broad repertoire of cultural references, Sugar recounts his days and nights spent with Madamigella in a novel that fits squarely into the illustrious tradition of feline literature a la T.S. Eliot, Edgar Allen Poe, Baudelaire, Bukowski, and Celine. The Orphans of Race Point by Patry Francis (Harper Perennial)   Set in the close-knit Portuguese community of Provincetown, Massachusetts,  The Orphans of Race Pointtraces the relationship between Hallie Costa and Gus Silva, who meet as children in the wake of a terrible crime that leaves Gus parentless. Their friendship evolves into an enduring and passionate love that will ask more of them than they ever imagined. On the night of their high school prom, a terrible tragedy devastates their relationship and profoundly alters the course of their lives. And when, a decade later, Gusâ€"now a priestâ€"becomes entangled with a distraught woman named Ava and her daughter Mila, troubled souls who bring back vivid memories of his own damaged past, the unthinkable happens: he is charged with murder. Can Hallie save the man she’s never stopped loving, by not only freeing him from prison but alsoâ€"finallyâ€"the curse of his past? Save Yourself by Kelly Braffet (Broadway Books)   When Patrick and Mike Cusimanos drunken father is sent to jail on manslaughter charges, they find themselves at the apex of local targeting. Patrick struggles to balance public shame, loss, and inappropriate, awkward temptation. He is desperately in love with Mikes live-in girlfriend, Caro, and amid his efforts to do the right thing, a beautiful but troubled high school bad-girl named Layla develops an unsettling obsession for him. As these two young women push Patrick to a dangerous breaking point, Mike settles further and further into a rut of idle avoidance. Meanwhile, Laylas little sister, Verna, is suffering through her first year of high school. Shes become a prime target for her cruel classmates, not just because of her strange name and her fundamentalist parents: Laylas bad-girl rep proves too heavy a shadow for Verna, so she falls in with her sisters circle of outcasts and misfits whose world is far darker than she ever imagined. The Love Affairs of Nathaniel P by Adelle Waldman (Picador)   Nate Piven is a rising star in Brooklyn’s literary scene. After several lean and striving years, he has his pick of both magazine assignments and women: Juliet, the hotshot business reporter; Elisa, his gorgeous ex-girlfriend; and Hannah, “almost universally regarded as nice and smart, or smart and nice,” who is fun and holds her own in conversation with his friends. In  Nate’s  world, wit and conversation are not at all dead. But is romance? Novelist Waldman plunges into the psyche of a modern man who thinks of himself as beyond superficial judgment yet struggles with status anxiety; who is drawn to women yet has a habit of letting them down. With tough-minded intelligence and wry good humor  The Love Affairs of Nathaniel P.  is an absorbing tale of one young man’s search for happiness and an inside look at how he really thinks about women, sex, and love. An Untamed State by Roxanne Gay (Grove Press, Black Cat)   Mireille Duval Jameson is living a fairy tale. The strong-willed youngest daughter of one of Haitis richest sons, she has an adoring husband, a precocious infant son, by all appearances a perfect life. The fairy tale ends one day when Mireille is kidnapped in broad daylight by a gang of heavily armed men, in front of her fathers Port au Prince estate. Held captive by a man who calls himself The Commander, Mireille waits for her father to pay her ransom. As it becomes clear her father intends to resist the kidnappers, Mireille must endure the torments of a man who resents everything she represents. Norwegian by Night by Derek Miller (Mariner Books)   Sheldon Horowitz-widowed, impatient, impertinent-has grudgingly agreed to leave New York and move in with his granddaughter, Rhea, and her new husband, Lars, in Norway-a country of blue and ice with one thousand Jews, not one of them a former Marine sniper in the Korean War turned watch repairman. Not until now, anyway. Home alone one morning, Sheldon witnesses a dispute between the woman who lives upstairs and an aggressive stranger. When events turn dire, Sheldon seizes and shields the neighbors young son from the violence, and they flee the scene. As Sheldon and the boy look for a safe haven in an alien world, past and present weave together, forcing them ever forward to a wrenching moment of truth. The Conditions of Love by Dale M. Kushner (Grand Central Publishing)   In 1953, ten-year-old Eunice lives in the backwaters of Wisconsin with her outrageously narcissistic mother, a  manicureeste  and movie star worshipper. Abandoned by her father as an infant, Eunice worries that she will become a misfit like her mother. When her mothers lover, the devoted Sam, moves in, Eunice imagines her life will finally become normal. But her hope dissolves when Sam gets kicked out, and she is again alone with her mother. A freak storm sends Eunice away from all things familiar. Rescued by the shaman-like Rose, Eunices odyssey continues with a stay in a hermits shack and ends with a passionate love affair with an older man. Through her capacity to redefine herself, reject bitterness and keep her heart open, she survives and flourishes. In this, she is both ordinary and heroic. At once fable and realistic story,  The Conditions of Love  is a book about emotional and physical survival. Through sheer force of will, Eunice saves herself from a doomed life. Scissors by Stephane Michaka (Anchor)   Based on the life of the famed short-story writer Raymond Carver, particularly his final, postalcoholic decade,Scissors  is the story of an author whose life is fraught with personal and creative struggle. Raymonds first marriage is intense, passionate, and deeply unhealthy, but his second, to a poet, is filled with love and support. Throughout both, Raymond (and to some extent, his wives) is in an escalating conflict with his editor, Douglas. As his success and confidence grow, Raymond strives harder and harder to ensure that his stories, the most important part of his life, are published as written, but Douglas, who considers the stories as much his as their authors, is determined to publish them only in a heavily edited form. Raymonds former alcoholism and his past and present relationships always lurk in the background; his wives offer their own perspectives on both; and in the end, after Raymonds death, it is Joanne who finally confronts Douglas in a way that Raymond never could .

Who Manipulates the Operations and Activities of the United Nations Free Essay Example, 3000 words

The establishment of NATO happened without any comprehensive consultation with the UN. The NATO came as a desire of the western powers to undermine powers of the Soviet Union. The treaty, which formed NATO defeats the purpose of collective security provided in the UN charter. Right from the start, the United States supported the UN as long as it supported its interests. The United States refused to assist the world body when it went contrary to its interests. The western states have used the UN to legitimize their intervention in affairs of other states. The mighty powers use Machinery of the UN as a camouflage with the intention of safeguarding their political, economic and commercial interests. However, these countries claim that moral considerations of supporting the UN motivate their actions. The UN has little it can do to prevent the intervention of the western powers. Although the world body came to avoid intervention, the old system of intervention still remains. The interven tion of western powers in UN affairs clearly shows that the body works in the interest of western states. The action on Korea, taken in 1950 by the United Nations portrays the influence of western powers in UN governance. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Manipulates the Operations and Activities of the United Nations or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Color Purple vs. The Joy Luck Club Essay example

The Color Purple is a biased, unbalanced view into the life of black women during the early to mid-nineteen hundreds. While it is obvious that a woman who in her own right is racist, chauvinist, and ignorant to the way that the world really works wrote the novel, it has been requested that the class write a paper on the story. Whilst this writer does not agree with this novel or anything that Alice Walker thinks or feels, obligingly this paper is been written. The Color Purple and the Joy Luck Club had many similarities, the most notably the presence of weak, ill bred, and quite frankly embarrassing male characters. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most obvious example of one of these unfortunate male characters is of course Albert from†¦show more content†¦So instead I tell my mother this: â€Å"I don’t really know. It’s something we started before we got married. And for some reason we never stopped.† (Tan 177) It is clear from the tone of the discussion that the idea hurts Lena inside, especially since she makes less than Harold. Amy Tan wrote it this way so that the reader would pity Lean and see Harold as a money grubbing bastard. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rich is the second example of a weak male character in The Joy Luck Club, and his main flaw is gross ignorance. His new live in girlfriend is Waverly. An entire section of the book is dedicated to the first meeting between Rich and Waverly’s mother and father. During the entire section, Rich makes one blunder after another. He brought a lovely bottle of red wine for dinner, not knowing that the Chinese do not stereotypically drink wine. He fumbled with the chopsticks, took huge portions and refused seconds, and regrettably added a hefty amount of soy sauce to all of the food. In possibly the biggest blunder of the night not only did he call â€Å"Lindo and Tin Jong by their first names but he butchered them calling them Linda and Tim. At the end of the night his ignorance came into play again; I knew he had failed miserably in her eyes. Rich obviously had a different opinion on howShow MoreRelatedBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesRevolution(1789—1799) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (1) Neoclassicism: - reason, order, elegant wit - rationalism of enlightenment in 18th-cent. Romanticism: - passion, emotion, natural beauty - imagination, mysticism, liberalism (freedom to express personal feelings) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (2) Innovation: - subjects: common life; the supernatural; the far away and the long ago - style: common language really used by men; poetic symbolism Romantic vs. Neoclassic(3) Good poetryRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesAction Plans 59 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 80 Key Terms 80 81 HRM Workshop Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 81 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 81 Case Application 3-A: Diversity Is the New Color This Year 81 Case Application 3-B: When Oversight Fails 81 Working with a Team: What’s Your Perception? 82 Learning an HRM Skill: Investigating a Harassment Complaint 82 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 83 DID YOU KNOW?: Suggestions for RecruitingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of MajorRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesArendt, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay Anke Arnaud, University of Central Florida Mihran Aroian, University of Texas, Austin Gary Ballinger, Purdue University Deborah Balser, University of Missouri at St. Louis Christopher Barlow, DePaul University Joy Benson, University of Wisconsin at Green Bay Lehman Benson III, University of Arizona Jacqui Bergman, Appalachian State University Anne Berthelot, University of Texas at El Paso David Bess, Shidler College of Business at the University of Hawaii Bruce

The Ritz-Carlton Does Not Sell Hotel Rooms Free Essays

The Ritz Carlton runs in a way that makes every single detail about the consumer and the consumer’s needs, wants, and expectations. Every decision that they make they make with the consumer in mind. They essentially are selling unsurpassed service to their patrons. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ritz-Carlton Does Not Sell Hotel Rooms or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Ritz Carlton is very well-known for providing consistent service to its patrons in each of its locations throughout the world. They provide guests with high quality customer service, utilizing their Gold Standards for customer service, which include its credo, motto, employee promise, three steps of service, and the twelve service values. The three steps of service are fairly basic, however many companies overlook them, losing that opportunity to create a long lasting relationship with the guest. The first is to deliver a warm and sincere greeting and to use the guest’s name; the second is to anticipate and fulfill the needs of each guest; and the third is to give a warm good-bye, again using the guest’s name. The Ritz Carlton believes that guest recognition is a top priority. If employees recognize the guest, then they can give personalized service, have fast access to knowledge, and interactions that are largely hassle free. These Gold Standards continue to lead the company to outperform its competition and increase its customer loyalty. They also have programs designed to meet specific customer needs that include their Service Quality Indicators (SQIs). The Ritz Carlton continually improves its processes and programs in order to give its guests the exceptional service that they have come to be well known for giving in the hotel industry. In essence, they are selling service to consumers. The Ritz Carlton has applied for and won the Baldridge Award in 1992 and 1999, which confirmed that quality is not a short term approach to doing business. The Ritz Carlton works hard to achieve the highest customer and employee satisfaction in the industry. They believe it is critical to continually improve day after day. As a consumer, I would be willing to pay for a stay at the Ritz Carlton. I believe that the methods that they use are fantastic. They treat everyone, including their employees, with respect. That is something that many companies fail to even consider when they are building their business. There are many people who choose products and services from companies by looking at factors such as how they treat their employees, where their products are made, etc. rather than looking only at the price tag and looking for a place or item that is â€Å"cheap†. As a consumer, I would rather patronize a place that was more expensive and treated its employees like gold, than patronize a place that was cheap and treated its employees poorly. I believe that the Ritz Carlton offers an excellent service to their guests and I’m fairly certain that the majority of consumers would be willing to pay for it. However, the price of a hotel room at the Ritz Carlton is on the pricier side so I’m sure that there are plenty of people that would love to take advantage of staying there but would be unable to do so since they could not afford it. Do you think it’s possible for Ritz Carlton to create â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† in just 7 days? It most likely is possible for Ritz Carlton to do so because their employee selection process is highly refined and they are able to higher excellent candidates who understand this concept of â€Å"ladies and gentlemen†. The Ritz Carlton looks for individuals who understand their culture and will engage with other employees, managers and guests. They look for individuals who exhibit certain personality traits and hiring managers seek those individuals when they recruit and interview candidates. In order to ensure that interviewees are sincere and positive people, the hiring managers use two-part questions that will eliminate interviewees who are insincere. According to the article, Inside the Ritz Carlton’s Revolutionary Service, a prospective employee may be asked, â€Å"Are you a habitual smiler? †. If the candidate responds with a â€Å"yes†, then the hiring manager will proceed to ask, â€Å"Why do you smile? †. It is clear to see that the Ritz Carlton selects its employees very carefully in order to find employees that will understand the culture and be able to learn quickly how to be a lady or a gentleman. By looking for people that have the necessary talent to do the job, they feel they can teach the other skills necessary to get them to lady or gentleman status. The Ritz Carlton has a very slow orientation process that they feel can best prepare the new employee with the mission of the company. They feel that when an individual starts a new job, it is a significant emotional experience. During this time, that individual will be attentive and receptive to emotional changes. The Ritz Carlton uses this time to focus on their values and to instill those values into that employee. The employee than goes though their week of orientation and afterwards, they are expected to have adapted the company culture. It seems to me that between their vigorous selection process and the week of orientation, many of these individuals would be able to adapt to their culture as â€Å"a lady or gentlemen†. Also, it is important to point out that the company is well known for treating their employees very well. I would believe that their employees know this and would want to treat the company well in return. The employees must have a high level of employee morale. They have every reason to want to continue on as a â€Å"lady or a gentlemen† as their time continues on with the company. They will also have the chance for promotions in the future. The Ritz Carlton sets employees up for success starting by selecting the right employees for the right position within the company. They are then able to mold these individuals into the employees that they want them to be. They also treat them very well and give them room for growth. I believe that doing this ensures that these individuals will become â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† within the 7 days. How to cite The Ritz-Carlton Does Not Sell Hotel Rooms, Essay examples

The Withch

The Withch-hunt In Modern Europe Essay THE WITCH-HUNT IN MODERN EUROPE By: Brian Levack The Witch-Hunt in Modern Europe by Brian Levack proved to be an interesting as well as insightful look at the intriguing world of the European practice of witchcraft and witch-hunts. The book offers a solid, reasonable interpretation of the accusation, prosecution, and execution for witchcraft in Europe between 1450 and 1750. Levack focuses mainly on the circumstances from which the witch-hunts emerged, as this report will examine. The causes of witch-hunting have been sometimes in publications portrayed differently from reality. The hunts were not prisoner escapee type hunts but rather a hunt that involved the identification of individuals who were believed to be engaged in a secret activity. Sometimes professional witch-hunters carried on the task, but judicial authorities performed most. The cause of most of these hunts is the multi-causal approach, which sees the emergence of new ideas about the witches and changes in the criminal law statutes. Both point to major religious changes and a lot of social tension among society. The intellectual foundations of the hunts were attributed to the witchs face-to-face pact with the devil and the periodic meetings of witches to engage in practices considered to be barbaric and heinous. The cumulative concept of witchcraft pointed immediately to the devil, the source of the magic and the one most witches adored. There was strong belief then that witches made pacts with the devil. Some would barter their soul to the devil in exchange for a gift or a taste of well being. Many believed that these witches observed a nocturnal Sabbath where they worshipped the devil and paid their homage to him. They were also accused of being an organization known for its cannibalistic practices of infanticide incest. Another component of this cumulative concept was the belief of the flight of witches. The belief for this was contributed to by the assumption that witches took flight from thei r homes to goto nocturnal meetings without their absence from home being detected. The belief in flying night witches was shared by many cultures in the modern world. These women were referred to as strigae, which was one of the many Latin terms for witches. As the reader first opens the legal foundations of witch-hunting, one finds that historically it was a judicial process from discovery to elimination. Levack states that before the thirteenth century European courts used a system of criminal procedure that made all crimes difficult to prosecute. This system was known as the accusatorial system and existed predominantly in northwestern Europe. When the thirteenth century came into being, a new technique, which gave more human judgement in the criminal process, was adopted in Western Europe secular courts. This new court was known as inquisitorial courts. The only difference between the new system and the old when suits were begun by accusation was that the accuser was no longer r esponsible for the actual prosecution of the case (pg. 72). The new procedures were not in reality an improvement due to the fact that the standards of proof according to inquisitorial procedure were very demanding. Since the adoption of inquisitorial procedure represented a shift from reliance upon mans rational judgement, jurists agreed that it was absolutely necessary for judges to have conclusive proof of guilt before passing sentence (pg. 79). They relied on Roman law and based their conclusions on two eyewitnesses and the confession of the accused. The development of full judicial power given to the state in the prosecution of a crime was a major event. From the early times, the secular courts in Europe had taken part in the witch-hunts, and now as the hunt developed further along, the secular courts grew an even greater role in the process. This caused a decline in ecclesiastical court participation due to the fact that governments defined witchcraft as a secular crime, and t he temporal courts of some countries had a monopoly on the prosecution. The prosecution of magic was a mixed jurisdiction taken on by both courts but when convicted the guilty were executed under secular law. Since secular courts had jurisdiction over magic and maleficium they primarily assumed the significant role in prosecuting witches. As the hunt gathered steam in the sixteenth century, the developments resulted in a reduction of clerical jurisdiction and an increase in the amount of secular concern with it. The main reason was the defining of witchcraft as a secular crime. All of these factors led to a large-scale witch-hunts in Scotland but in some countries the retention of ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the crime led to a decline in the number of prosecutions. Local court decisions during this time also played a role in the conviction of witches. They had the ability to perform with a certain amount of independence from higher political and judicial control. There are two main reasons why local courts proved to be less lenient than central courts in the prosecutions of witchcraft (pg. 93). The first is that local authorities that presided over witch trials were far more likely than their central superiors to develop an intense and immediate fear of witchcraft (pg. 93). The second is that central judges were generally more committed to the proper operation of the judicial system and more willing therefore to afford accused witches whatever procedural safeguards the law might allow them (pg. 94). The decentralization of judicial life had lasting effects in countries like Germany, where no effective control by central authority led to increased hunts and more torturous executions. The formation of the cumulative concept of witchcraft and all the legal precedents introduced made the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth century witch-hunts possible. To look at the understanding of the hunt one must examine the religious, social, and economic conditions t hat began in modern Europe. During the time of the Reformation, the Europeans increased their awareness of satin and started to wage a larger war against him. A second effect of the Reformation on witchcraft arose from the emphasis that both Protestant and Catholic reformers placed on personal piety and sanctity (pg. 106). The Christianization of Europe also added to this war against the devil by eradication superstitious beliefs, eliminating paganism and suppressing magic. Witch-hunting was the most frequent in countries where large minorities adhered to different religions. Witch-hunting was the most intense in Germany, Switzerland, France, Poland, and Scotland (pg. 114). The effects of the Protestant and Catholic Reformation did have an effect on witch-hunts; they laid the foundation for their decline. There were various types of hunts that took place during European witch-hunt times. The main feature of the small hunt is that the search for malefactors is limited to the individu als who were originally accused (172). The main characteristic of a medium style hunt was that it included five to ten victims. The final type of hunt was the large hunt where tens to hundreds of witches were hunted and panic and hysteria were rampant everywhere. The end of the witch-hunts was usually an abrupt procedure. The small hunts for example were isolated prosecutions that ended when the accused were either executed or given an acquittal. Most of the time the end of a hunt lasted for many years, and up to generations. The explanations for the geographical unevenness in the hunts cannot be simply put. According to Levack, there were four separate but related factors. The first was the nature of witch beliefs in a particular region and the strength in which they were held (231). The disparity can be seen for example in countries like England, the Scandinavian countries, and Spain where the prosecutions included a number of individual trials for maleficium and some for Devil-wo rship. The second factor is determining the relative intensity of hunts was the criminal procedure used. Not all countries used the inquisitorial procedure and torture method. The third determinant was the extent to which the central judicial authority had control on the trials. Central control did not always prevail, since some rulers wanted to completely exterminate witchcraft. The final factor is the degree of religious zeal manifested by the people of a region (232). This was most evident in large hunts and countries known for their large numerous executions and not known for their Christianity. The decline in witchcraft can be attributed to a multitude of factors. There were three main judicial and legal developments that contributed to the decline of witchcraft: the demand for conclusive evidence regarding maleficium and the pact, the adoption of stricter rules regarding the use of torture, the promulgation of decrees either restricting or eliminating prosecutions for witchcra ft (236). The mental outlook was also changing at the time as judges and princes set out to create new rules for torture and restricting witchcraft. The most important religious factor in this decline was the change of the religious climate that occurred in the late seventeenth century. The socioeconomic changes could be felt in a general improvement of living conditions that reduced some of the local village tensions that lay at the basis of witchcraft prosecutions. Witches no longer posed the threat that they once did. The economic and social chaos of this century and the political and religious instability caused anxiety that led to witches becoming a scapegoat for the general ills of society during their rapid time of change. Witchcraft had become somewhat of a hobby! In conclusion, Levack gives the reader a full understanding of witchcraft during this time and the historical insight and vivid description adds to the livelihood of the period. Levacks insight gives the consistenc y that witch-hunts were sparked by diverse and complex causes, which he supports in his book. According to a book review by Elizabeth Furdell, Levack uses many sources to provide national examinations of the witchcraze. An example of this Levacks conclusion that while German communities exhibited frenzied paranoia directed at witches, England did only a little witch-hunting. He uses reliable and multiple reasons to prove his thesis. The book offers a solid, reasonable interpretation of the accusations, prosecutions, and execution of thousands of witches in Europe, and Levack leaves the reader wondering if he the individual if he/she had lived during this period would have been hunting witches or hunting fox?Category: Book Reports .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f , .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .postImageUrl , .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f , .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f:hover , .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f:visited , .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f:active { border:0!important; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f:active , .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3497880fa484397cdbbc72c9807c45f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Abortion - Pro-Choice Views Essay We will write a custom essay on The Withch-hunt In Modern Europe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Essay Example

Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Essay Example Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Paper Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Paper Essay Topic: History Public Speaking Rhetoric has been defined and analysis in different ways, therefore to study the role of rhetoric in society it is important first to define the term itself. Rhetoric according to the dictionary is the Art of effective or persuasive speech or writing1. Farrell defines rhetoric as the collaborative art of addressing and guiding decision and judgement2 and suggests it is a public language3 for successful cultures. Rhetoric therefore means the art of using language to persuade or influence the human subject. It is usually applied to persuasive attempts directed at an audience, often in some formal or institutional setting.4 Rhetoric plays a huge role in influencing public opinion therefore in order to confront the idea that Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propaganda it is important first to outline the meaning of the two terms Truth and Propaganda. The dictionary suggests a broad definition of the word truth: Truth- Quality or state of being true5, this definition however, does not give a substantial enough meaning of the word. Truth is something that you believe to be right, a testing of ideas that are believed to be reliable. This is my own definition of truth, which I believe outlines what truth constitutes of. Jowett and ODonnell define propaganda as means to disseminate or promote particular ideas6 the definition goes further in explaining that Propaganda is the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist7. This definition of propaganda focuses on the communicative process and most specifically the purpose of the process, the purpose being to send out an ideology to an audience with a related objective. My own perception of propaganda, in its most neutral sense, is that propaganda is a set of ideas put out politically. This essay will consider the way in which public rhetoric can be used for persuasive purposes. Political speech/es and movie speeches will form the basis of my analysis. Talk is often called a speech event. A speech which urges the audience to do, say, feel, or think something8 A speech event is orientated to achieving goals predicated on the existence of an audience and is described by the linguist Hymes as an occurrence of speech within a larger context.9 Political speeches operate within this context. When a speech event takes place it is important to note that what is said is governed by the intention of the speakers within a given context, (both the immediate situation and the wider social context), as well as by the available discourses in the language and the situation in particular. The discourse used will consist of a particular form and content, taken from a set of available discourses. In Tony Blairs speech (July 17,2003) he addresses the U.S Congress in accepting the Congressional Gold Medal. The speech is given in a formal setting. Blair as a leader has authority and his authority is acknowledged by his followers or sub-ordinates, this assembly of such individuals create the appropriate conditions of speech making, however, Blair is not only addressing these individuals but also the electronic public sphere, so his speech becomes for public consumption. The speech opens with a direct address to Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President (and the) honorable members of Congress. The audiences both locally present and listening to the broadcast are also being addressed in this speech. The prime minister first shows respect for the status of the distinguished individuals, then later cleverly reduces them all to the common level of citizens of the great republic making them all seem equal. We were all reared on battles between great warriors, between great nations, between powerful forces and ideologies that dominated entire continents. Immediate uses of rhetorical devices are evident in this statement. Here we witness, the employment of the inclusive we along with the repetition of the word between to emphasise his points. The use of the personal pronoun we attempts to position the audience, the idea being that this type of address attempts to represent the interests and opinions of Blair and audience as identical. Public speaking attempts to position its audience (Atkinson, 1984) Therefore there is a strong link between language and power, what is being said is related to Blairs power as Prime Minister. Blair affiliates himself with his primary audience the U.S Congress aswell his secondary audience the public. Within the first few lines of the speech we see the uses of antithetic parallelism. The first antithesis is in a notbut structure. by showing them (service men and women) and their families that they did not strive or die in vain, but that through their sacrifice future generations can live in greater peace, prosperity and hope. Here we witness assertion, an example of contrast or juxtaposition and an affiliation with the public expressed with the use of families. All writing and texts make references to the world that we know and Blair too does this in his speech: Through the troubled times since September 11th changed our world, we have been allies and friends September 11 was not an isolated event, but a tragic prologue From this statement we get reference to the accepted existence of certain events. All writing or text depends on pre-existing themes to make its point. (Barker, 1989) Blair later addresses themes about terrorism. The Prime-Minister voices his opinions openly and is interested in colloquial language, sympathetic circularity and the habit of speaking from experience. He presents himself as a reasonably ordinary person and talks about his son. Actually, you know, my middle son was studying 18th century history and the American war of Independence Here we witness, the use of colloquial language you know and yet another form of identification with the public. The lexis of the speech comes from everyday speech, there are no specialists or obscure terms and most sentences are simple structurally, this therefore allows an easier understanding in the audience. He then goes on to talk about belief: In the end it is not our power alone that will defeat this evil. Our ultimate weapon is not our guns, but our beliefs Belief is a firm conviction in the existence or rightness of something, however this differs from position. The belief of a politician and the expression of that belief differentiate greatly. What Blair says is not necessarily what he believes. However, all politicians are aware that they have to act in a particular context bearing in mind the welfare and well being of an audience. All social actors have goals, make moves, take turns, employ tactics and work out strategies (Nofsinger, 1991) He continues: There is a myth that though we love freedom, others dont; that our attachment to freedom is a product of our culture; that freedom, democracy, human rights, the rule of law are American values, or Western values; that afghan women were content under the lash of the Taliban; that Saddam was somehow beloved by his people; that Milosevic was Serbias savior The key word here is freedom. Freedom can be economical, cultural or political, in this sense he talks about Freedom for all, not just for those in a western society. Ours are not western values; they are the universal values of human spirit. And anywhereAnywhere, anytime ordinary people are given the chance to choose, the choice is the same: freedom, not tyranny; democracy, not dictatorship; the rule of law; not the rule of the secret police. Here he presents a series of oppositions and makes use of contrast to put his point across. His points consist of a three part list and include the repetition of anywhere emphasizing the idea that freedom is a universal value and can be present anywhere in the world. He uses further parallelisms to get his point across: The spread of freedom is the best security for the free. It is our last line of defense and our first line of attack. And just as the terrorist seeks to divide humanity in hate, so we have to unify it around an idea. And that idea is liberty. In other words, in oppositional terms, the terrorists attack and divide and the allies (Britain and America) defend and unify. This could be described as what Jowett and ODonnell call White propaganda. White propaganda is when the source is identified correctly and the information in the message tends to be accurateAlthough what listeners hear is reasonably close to the truth, it is presented in the manner that attempts to convince the audience that the sender is the good guy with the best ideas and political ideology.10 Each speaker has a purpose; Blair for example, has the purpose of increasing the morale of the British and American people after or throughout the war on terror. Politicians have a tendency to use the word freedom vastly in the public arena, both in speeches and party election broadcasts. Blairs speech is built around a tired clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½- the importance of freedom, the need for it, how other cherished values depend on it and how it will triumph. This is his way of justifying the war in Iraq. He concludes his talk on freedom with the words of Abraham Lincoln: We must find the strength to fight for this idea and the compassion to make it universal. Abraham Lincoln said Those that deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves and it is this sense of justice that makes moral love a liberty The speech is bombarded with references to freedom and being free. Rhetorical questions, assertions, three part lists and contrast and juxtaposition are present throughout the speech till its end, and these are all common features of public rhetoric. Some of the most famous examples of public rhetoric have been produced by military leaders preparing troops for battle. These speeches, both real and fictitious, usually demonstrate the great motivating power of what Aristotle calls pathos. Pathos (emotional proof) is the feeling the speech draws from the hearers. In the film Braveheart (1995) the scene in which William Wallace addresses the Scottish Army at Stirling provides such a speech. Wallace establishes his credentials and introduces himself. He then goes on to address the idea of freedom: You have come to fight as free men, and free men you are. What would you do without freedom, will you fight? He uses the personal pronoun you to address the whole collective. The basic difference between Blairs speech and Wallaces speech is that Blair talks about making freedom a universal theme as many countries do not have it. Wallace speaks of freedom in a patriotic manner. They may take our lives, but theyll never take our freedom. In this context, the soldiers answer back and have the right to speak-one of the key concepts of freedom. In a political context, only the speaker expresses his beliefs and ideas and the audience is positioned in a way to accept these beliefs and ideas imposed on them. The movie scene in which General Maximus Meridius addresses Caesar Commodus in the film Gladiator (2000) provides another example of Rhetoric in movie speeches. My name is Maximus Decimus Meridius, Commander of the Armies of the North, General of the Felix Legions, loyal servant to the true emperor, Marcus Aurelius, father to a murdered son, husband to a murdered wife, and I will have my vengeance in this life-or the next11 The speech begins with a formal mode of address; he introduces himself and creates an assertion. He then goes on to assert his authority, Commander; General; loyal servant; Father and Husband are all terms or names linked with authority. The second, third and fourth assertion consist of a three part list reiterating his authority, however his fifth, sixth and seventh assertions express an undesired state of affairs. His wife and child have been murdered and he wants his revenge. In this short address a narrative is established, which consists of a storyline used by the storyteller. The themes which emerge most clearly in the course of the narrative concern masculinity, power, heroism and the nature of group leadership. Narrative should not be seen as simply a fictional practice, as human beings report everyday events and encounters in the form of narrative. Central to the study of rhetoric is the audience. Responses to persuasion Conclusion/s In addressing the idea that Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propaganda I conclude that public rhetoric has both a positive and negative condition to it in society. In Blairs speech there is a sincere concern for the welfare of the audience. Certain ideas and messages are selected by him and imposed on the audience, this does, therefore mean that the selection of this information is biased as he chooses what to tell the audience and what to keep from them, however Blair does not use rhetoric in a negative, manipulative or dishonest way, he simply uses persuasive techniques to get his point across. In his Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle, with regard to persuasion indicated that a crafty person could artfully manipulate the instruments of rhetoric for either honest or dishonest terms. Depending upon which end is desired, the use of rhetorical devices is judged accordingly: ifthe aim be good, the cleverness is praiseworthy; but if it be bad, it becomes craft.12 A speaker faced with having to articulate a message on a public platform e.g. Tony Blair with the knowledge that it would gain a wider circulation, would perhaps be more circumspect in his subject matter or address. More Importantly, Blair might frame the message using a rhetorical construction as I have shown. Propaganda is a form of communication that is different from persuasion because it attempts to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Blairs message is not that of propaganda. To identify as message as propaganda is to suggest something negative and dishonest, words frequently used as synonyms for propaganda are lies, distortion, deceit, manipulation and brainwashing. Many of these synonyms are suggestive of techniques of message production rather than purpose or process. Blairs purpose is to keep the interests and well being of the public audience at heart, he does not lie or distort information, however he may hide the truth from us in places are he believes it is for the best. No audience, no matter how perverse in its own needs, will put up with hearing that they are being manipulated and used to fulfill anothers selfish needs. Thus the propagandist cannot reveal the true intent of the message. 13 However, as Althusser argues the media are ideological state apparatus; they produce meanings in the audience. The voice of the author in a novel, speech, advertisement or television program guides us through, the text or story; therefore it is not necessarily true as we as readers are not allowed to align ourselves with a particular character, person, and situation. In Blairs speech, what you see on the surface does not necessarily tell you about the truth of the world. There are structures that you cant see for example, the economic status, political status or public relations between classes and races. We are colored by dominant ideology which influences our beliefs and ideas; so on the other hand, manipulation can be seen as an instrument of ideology. In comparison to Blairs speech, the speeches in the examples given, although fictitious, rhetoric is used in a positive retrospect as both characters do not try to manipulate their audiences but try to persuade them.

Hello World CGI Script in Perl

Hello World CGI Script in Perl A CGI script can be as simple or complex as you need it to be. It could be in Perl, Java, Python or any programming language. At its core, a CGI application simply takes a request via HTTP (typically a web browser) and returns HTML. Lets look at a simple Perl  Hello World CGI script and break it down into its simplest forms. Hello World CGI Perl Script #!/usr/bin/perl print Content-type: text/html\n\n; print HTML; html head titleA Simple Perl CGI/title /head body h1A Simple Perl CGI/h1 pHello World/p /body HTML exit; If you run the program on the command line, youll see that it does exactly what youd expect. First, it prints the Content-type line, then it prints the raw HTML. In order to see it in action in a web browser, youll need to copy or upload the script to your web server and make sure the permissions are set correctly (chmod 755 on *nix systems). Once youve set it correctly, you should be able to browse to it and see the page displayed live on your server. The key line is the first print statement: print Content-type: text/html\n\n; This tells the browser that the document coming after the two newlines is going to be HTML. You must send a header so the browser knows what type of document is coming next, and you must include a blank line between the header and the actual document. Once the header is sent, its just a matter of sending the HTML document itself. In the above example, were using a here-doc to simplify printing a large chunk of plain text. Of course, this is really no different than having a plain HTML document sitting on your server. The real power of using a programming language like Perl to create your HTML comes when you add in some fancy Perl programming. Adding on to the Basic Script In the next example, lets take part of this  time and date script and add it to your web page. #!/usr/bin/perl months qw(Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec); weekDays qw(Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun); ($second, $minute, $hour, $dayOfMonth, $month, $yearOffset, $dayOfWeek, $dayOfYear, $daylightSavings) localtime(); $year 1900 $yearOffset; $theTime $weekDays[$dayOfWeek] $months[$month] $dayOfMonth, $year; print Content-type: text/html\n\n; print HTML; html head titleA Simple Perl CGI/title /head body h1A Simple Perl CGI/h1 p$theTime/p /body HTML exit; This new CGI script will insert the current date into the page each time the script is called. In other words, it becomes a dynamic document that changes as the date changes, rather than a static document.

Addonney Beauty Shop Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Addonney Beauty Shop - Coursework Example This project will contain the E-marketing Plan for Addoony Beauty Shop. Some of the topics that will be discussed in this project are: - Firm description - Addressing the role of internet in marketing firm’s products/services - Online Consumer Behavior Addoony is an e-commerce company designed to become the market leader in Web-based sales of beauty services and products. The shop is located in Qatar. Although many Internet companies have recently joined the market and created stiff competition and failed, the Internet is expected to support several e-commerce businesses for many years to come. Most of the dot-coms failed to establish their ground in the e-market because of poor strategies that they laid for their businesses that had no true revenue streams. Addoony tends to overcome these problems with easy to use website for its customers and a distribution system that is efficient for their products throughout Qatar. Addoony’s mission is to provide the best services and products using the Internet to lower the consumer's cost. The online shop exists to attract and maintain customers through their daily interaction with the website to check for any new product in the market and the introduction of new services. When Addooney’s beauty shop adheres to this maxim, everything else will fall into place. The shops services will, therefore, be expected to exceed the expectations of the customers in Qatar. This will help maintain an enormous proportion of clients to sustain the shop for long and .further help to advertize it. In the coming years, the beauty shop intends to create an icon in e-commerce. In the process, it will brand in the sale of beauty products and services and will grow to a high generating revenue online shop.

Indivisual rights, health disparities and policy options Essay

Indivisual rights, health disparities and policy options - Essay Example According to surveys that have been conducted ranking health care provision in several areas of the United States, the state of Washington was found to have some of the region’s healthiest counties, and these counties included counties such as Montgomery and Fairfax. The research also showed that there happens to exist some pockets within the state that had relatively high levels of poor health. These counties included counties such as the Prince George’s County and Maryland County. Like most other poor counties in the United States, Maryland and Prince George counties of Washington have been found to be facing some major challenges in efforts aimed at trying to ensure that they provide quality health services to their residents. This has mainly been found to be as a direct result of crippling fiscal constraints as a direct result of the relatively poor income and high unemployment rates of the residents of these two areas (Rand Corporation 1). According to a report provided by the Center for Health Equity. Maryland County has been seen to be struggling with a variety of health care issues. The County has relatively high levels of smokers. While the current rate and goals that have been set by the CDC stand at 12 percent for adult smokers, Maryland County has an average adult smoker’s rate of over 17 percent. The state also spent about 1.5 billion dollars in treating ailments related to obesity (Avalere health 41). An estimated 80,000 of the adults living in prince George County were found to be uninsured. These levels were found to be more than twice of those in the neighboring County of Howard. The non-elderly Latino population in Maryland was also found to be more likely to be uninsured as compared to the whites in the County (Avalere health 41). Cancer has been found to be the second leading cause of death in Maryland County with lung cancer being the most common for both the women and men. In the

Goya :: Essays Papers

Goya His name, Francisco Goya, born in 1746, one of Spains most innovative painters and etchers; also one of the triumvirate—including El Greco and Diego Velà ¡zquez—of great Spanish masters. Much in the art of Goya is derived from that of Velà ¡zquez, just as much in the art of the 19th-century French master Édouard Manet and the 20th-century genius Pablo Picasso is taken from Goya. Trained in a mediocre rococo artistic milieu , Goya transformed this often frivolous style and created works, such as the famous The third of May, 1808, that have as great an impact today as when they were created. Goya was born in the small Aragonese town of Fuendetodos (near Zaragoza) on March 30, 1746. His father was a painter and a gilder of altarpieces, and his mother was descended from a family of minor Aragonese nobility. Facts of Goya's childhood are scarce. He attended school in Zaragoza at the Escuelas Pias. Goya's formal artistic education commenced when, at the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a local master, Josà © Luzan, a competent although little-known painter in whose studio Goya spent four years. In 1763 the young artist went to Madrid, where he hoped to win a prize at the Academy of San Fernando. Although he did not win the desired award, he did make the acquaintance of Francisco Bayeu, an artist also from Aragà ³n, who was working at the court in the academic manner imported to Spain by the German painter Anton Raphael Mengs. Bayeu (the brother of Goya's wife) was influential in forming Goya's early style and was responsible for his participation in an important commis sion, the fresco decoration of the Church of the Virgin in El Pilar in Zaragoza. In 1771 Goya went to Italy for approximately one year. His activity there is relatively obscure; he spent some months in Rome and also entered a composition at the Parma Academy competition, in which he was successful. Returning to Spain about 1773, Goya participated in several other fresco projects, including that for the Charterhouse of Aula Dei, near Zaragoza, in 1774, where his paintings prefigure those of his greatest fresco project, executed in the Church of San Antonio de la Florida, Madrid, in 1798. It was at this time that Goya began to do prints after paintings by Velà ¡zquez, who would remain, along with Rembrandt, his greatest source of inspiration.

The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment: Insight Into Devaraj Agency

ADP FALL 2011 ID 49801 Senior Project: Management Ms. Linda Title: The effect of job satisfaction on organizational commitment: Insight into Devaraj Agency VIJAY MUTHU RAJAH A/L ANNAVI SCSJ-0005836 Table of Contents No| Description | Page| 1| Objective | 1| 2| Methodology| 2| 3| Introduction| 3| 4| Literature Review| 4-6| 5| Findings| 7-19| 6| Result of the findings| 20-21| 7| Limitation| 22| 8| Recommendation| 23| 9| Conclusion| 24| 10| Reference | 25| 11| Appendix| 26-28| Objective The objective of this project is to analyze the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among insurance agents in Devaraj Agency. The focus of this study is to analyze the general behavior of insurance agents towards job satisfaction, which may build higher levels of organizational commitment. This study is done based on Herzberg’s two- factor theory and more specifically, on Motivators factor. The findings of this project will help agency manager to understand the current level of job satisfaction and organizational commitment of agents towards their agency. Besides that, suggestions also will be given based on the result of the findings. If the satisfaction level and organizational commitment of insurance agents is low and then many suggestion will be given to solve the problem. If it is otherwise, suggestion will be to maintain or improve further the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the agents. By this, the agency manager gets suggestions to solve job satisfaction and organizational commitment problem if any or to improve them further. Methodology Numerous of methods are to be used to identify the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the agents. The method are as followed: Survey A survey was done with insurance agents from Devaraj Agency. The purpose of this survey is to find out the current level of job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the insurance agents. The survey would had 56 questions related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Interviews An Interview has been held with agency manager and few insurance agents. The purpose of interviewing agency manager is to get information about the human resource strategy, annual turnover rate and his perception on agent’s job satisfaction and organizational commitment. External sources The external sources were used in this research. The external sources were Internet and printed materials. These materials were very useful in doing literature review about job satisfaction, organizational commitment and the relationship of them. Introduction Devaraj Agency is one of the oldest Indian insurance agencies in ING Company. The main role of this agency is to sell the insurance as well as investment products of ING Bhd through direct selling techniques. Up to now, 100 over people working as insurance agents in this agency. However, there was no attempt has been taken to measure the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the agents in this agency. Job satisfaction means ‘a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences. (Locke, 1976). According to Porter (1968), organizational Commitment is a willingness of employees to exert high levels of effort on behalf of the organization, a strong desire to remain in the organization, and an acceptance of the organization’s major goals and values. It is important for Devaraj Agency to learn about job satisfaction and organizational commitment of its insurance agents because if agents satisfied with their job, they will have high commitment on their agency and that translate into high job performance and low absenteeism. Literature review Job satisfaction and organizational commitment receive considerable attention from industrial and organizational psychologists, management scientists, and sociologists. Three thousand studies had been done on job satisfaction alone by the time Locke prepared his study nearly 20 years ago (Locke, 1976). The interest of analyzing job satisfaction and organizational commitment stems from the concern of the behavioral consequences that hypothesized result in job satisfaction and/or organizational commitment. Among other topics, job satisfaction and/or organizational commitment have been shown or argued to be related to productivity, attendance at work, turnover, retirement, participation, labor militancy, sympathy for unions, and psychological withdrawal from work. Job Satisfaction According to Locke (1976, p. 300), job satisfaction is ‘a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences. There are many researchers found that Herzberg’s Two-factor motivation Theory is related with employees’ job satisfaction when apply intrinsic motivator (Cesare and Sadri, 2003;Hellriegel and Slocum, 1998; Slocum and Helliegel, 2009). The intrinsic or motivator factors consist of responsibility, recognition, advancement, ach ievement, and work itself (Slocum and Helliegel, 2009; Furnham et al. , 2009). Intrinsic motivator factor is one of the variables that use to find out the positive relationship with job satisfaction (Bhuian and Mengue, 2002). Shaffer et al. (2000) suggested that the satisfaction of work itself relate with job satisfaction while see job satisfactions itself as an individual enjoys on their job which is very much related on the classification of nature of work itself (Pool and Pool, 2006; Couger, 1988 cited in Thatcher, et al. , 2002). Besides this, Herzberg stated in his two factors theory that there are two categorizes of motives for the employees known as satisfiers and dissatisfiers. He related intrinsic factors with job satisfaction and extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction (Gagne, 200; Sarmad, 2007). Organizational Commitment Organizational commitment has been defined more pragmatically by Porter (1968), who holds that it consists of a willingness of employees to exert high levels of effort on behalf of the organization, a strong desire to remain in the organization, and an acceptance of the organization’s major goals and values. Organizational commitment of the employees has been measured in several different ways and it has been related with many job related variables. Allen & Meyer (1990) developed a measure of organizational commitment with three major components: Affective component of organizational commitment refers to employees’ emotional attachment, identification and involvement in the organization; the Continuance component refers to commitment based on the costs that employees associate with leaving the organization; and Normative commitment reflects an employee’s feeling of obligation to remain with the organization. Link between job satisfaction and organizational Commitment Job satisfaction has been associated with organizational commitment (Boles, et al. 2007; Pool and Pool, 2007; Brown and Peterson, 1993), which is broadly defined as the â€Å"psychological bond between people and organizations† (Buchanan 1974; Tett and Meyer, 1993). The study of Klaus, et al. , (2003) found that there is an effect of work challenging (intrinsic motivation) as a work nature, which can impact on affective organizational commitment . According to Steinhaus & Perry (1996) committed and satisfied employees are unlikely to indicate low performance and are normally highly productive who identify with organizational goals and organizational values (Churchill et al. , (1993). Similarly, if employees are highly satisfied with their work, promotion chances and that derive high level of overall job satisfaction with their jobs they are more likely to be committed to the organization than if they are not satisfied. The focus on this concept was not over stated because job satisfaction and commitment are primary determinants of employee turnover, performance, and productivity (Opkara, 2004). Beside that, Balfour and Wechsler (1996) pointed out that overall organizational commitment is an appropriate and significant aspect to focus for organizational productivity and performance. Ayeni and Phopoola (2007) also have found that there is a strong relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. According to them Job satisfaction is mostly determine how well the organization meets employees expectations. According to Cote & Heslin (2003). Findings The job satisfaction and organizational commitment survey has been done with the insurance agents in two weekly meetings held in ING Damansara office and ING Klang office. All insurance agents attended the meeting participated in this survey. In total, the survey form had 47 questions including three demographic questions. It was divided into three sections. The first section was contained 36 questions about job satisfaction. The second section contained 8 questions about organizational commitment. The third section contained 3 questions about demographic. All questions of job satisfaction in this survey were originally derived from the job satisfaction survey form developed by Paul E. Spector. The survey form contained 36 questions of both motivator and hygiene factor. The questions related to motivator factor ware given utmost importance in this survey compared to the questions of hygiene factors because motivator factor leads to job satisfaction but hygiene factor does not and it leads to job dissatisfaction. The question number 2,5,8,11,14,17,19,20,24,27,31,32,33 and 35 in the survey had been identified as motivator factor related questions while the other questions were related to hygiene factor. The rating scale used for job satisfaction survey was a 6-point scale which ranging from â€Å"disagrees very much† to â€Å"agree very much†. The survey questions of organizational commitment were taken from the affective commitment related questions in Allen and Meyer’s Organizational Commitment Scale. Allen and Meyer’s organizational commitment scale’ original 7 point scale has been modified in this survey to 6 points scales by removing neither agree or disagree option. It is to get more accurate answers from the participants. The modified scale ranging from (1) disagrees very much to (6) agree very much. Findings of demographic In total, 56 insurance agents participated in this questionnaire. Out of 56 espondents, 36 respondents were male while 20 respondents were female. The majority of the respondents participated in this survey were aged between 30 to 39 years old. The age of other respondents were 16 respondents were between 20 to 29 years old, 12 respondents were between 40 to 49 years old and 12 respondents were between 50 to 59 years old. The race of participants did not ask in this questionn aire because Deveraj Agency is the Indian agency and all agents should be Indians. Majority of respondents (16 respondents) said their income range was between RM 4,100 to RM 5,000. The income range of others was 12 respondents was between RM2,100 to RM3,000, 8 respondents was between RM 3,100 to RM4,000, 8 respondents was more than RM5,000 and 4 respondents was between RM1,000 to RM 2,000. Findings of Job satisfaction on motivator factor The findings of Job satisfaction on motivator factor| No| | Disagree very much| Disagree moderately| Disagree slightly| Agree slightly| Agree moderately| Agree very much| 2| There is really too little chance for promotion on my job. | 28| 5| 3| 4| 7| 9| 5| When I do a good job, I receive the recognition for it that I should receive. 0| 0| 0| 5| 9| 42| 8| I sometimes feel my job is meaningless. | 23| 10| 0| 7| 16| 0| 11| Those who do well on the job stand a fair chance of being promoted. | 4| 7| 9| 0| 5| 31| 14| I do not feel that the work I do is appreciated. | 16| 17| 3| 18| 0| 2| 17| I like doing the things I do at work. | 4| 0| 0| 2| 14| 36| 19 | I feel unappreciated by the organization when I think about what they pay me. | 24| 10| 7| 3| 8| 0| 20| People get ahead as fast here as they do in other places. | 7| 0| 9| 16| 19| 17| 24| I have too much to do at work. | 6| 6| 2| 22| 5| 15| 27| I feel a sense of pride in doing my job. 0| 3| 0| 0| 34| 19| 31| I have too much paperwork. | 2| 11| 0| 26| 9| 8| 32| I don't feel my efforts are rewarded the way they should be. | 25| 12| 4| 4| 5| 6| 33| I am satisfied with my chances for promotion. | 0| 0| 0| 12| 10| 36| 35| My job is enjoyable. | 0| 8| 0| 3| 10| 35| The findings of Job satisfaction on motivator factor| No| | Agree| Disagree| 2| There is really too little chance for promotion on my job. | 34%| 66%| 5| When I do a good job, I receive the recognition for it that I should receive. | 100%| 0%| 8| I sometimes feel my job is meaningless. 33%| 67%| 11| Those who do well on the job stand a fair chance of being promoted. | 64%| 36%| 14| I do not feel that the work I do is appreciated. | 36%| 64%| 17| I like doing the things I do at work. | 93%| 7%| 19 | I fee l unappreciated by the organization when I think about what they pay me. | 27%| 73%| 20| People get ahead as fast here as they do in other places. | 71%| 29%| 24| I have too much to do at work. | 75%| 25%| 27| I feel a sense of pride in doing my job. | 93%| 7%| 31| I have too much paperwork. | 71%| 29%| 32| I don't feel my efforts are rewarded the way they should be. 29%| 71%| 33| I am satisfied with my chances for promotion. | 100%| 0%| 35| My job is enjoyable. | 86%| 14%| The findings of the statements that related to motivator factors in the job satisfaction survey as followed: 2) There is really too little chance for promotion on my job. Higher percentage of respondents (66 percent) said disagrees to the statement if compared to the number of respondent said agree (34 percent). The large number of respondents (28 respondents) said they â€Å"disagrees very much† to the statement. 5) When I do a good job, I receive the recognition for it that I should receive. For this statement, the 100 percent of respondents said that they agree that when they do a good job, they receive the recognition that they should receive. The higher number of respondent (42 respondents) said they â€Å"agree very much† to the statement. 8) I sometimes feel my job is meaningless Percentages of respondents (67 percent) disagree to the statement, which was higher than the percentages of respondents agree (33 percent). From the 67 percent of respondents said agree, the highest number of respondents (23 respondents) responded as â€Å"disagree very much† 11) Those who do well on he job stand a fair chance of being promoted. The percentage of respondent agree and disagree to the statement was (64 percent) agree and 36 percent of respondent said disagree. So, the percentage of respondents who said agree was higher than the percentage of respondent said disagree. Most number of respondent (31 respondent) said that they â€Å"agree very much† to the st atement. 14) I do not feel that the work I do is appreciated. For this statement, 64 percentage of respondents said that they disagree while 36 percentage of respondent said agree. So the percentage of respondents who disagree that they do not feel that the work they do is appreciated was higher than the percentage of respondent who agree. 17) I like doing the things I do at work. The majority of respondent in percentage said they agree that they like the things they do at work were 93 percent. Only 7 percentage of respondent said that they disagree to the statement. â€Å"Agree very much† option received most number of responses from the respondents (36 responses) if compared to the other four options. 19) I feel unappreciated by the organization when I think about what they pay me. For this negative statement, higher percentage of respondents (73 percent) disagree if compared to the percentage of respondent (27 percent) agree. The large number of respondent who said disagree were disagree very much (24 respondents). 20) People get ahead as fast here as they do in other places. The response for this positive statement was positive where 71 percent of respondent said agree. The percent of respondent said disagree was 29 percent. The highest number of respondent answered to the statement as they agree moderately and that followed by agree slightly and agree very much. 4) I have too much to do at work. For this statement, the percentage of respondents (75 percent)who said, â€Å"Agree† is higher than the percentage of respondents(25 percent) who said, â€Å"Disagree†. The highest number of respondent (22 respondents) responded as â€Å"agree slightly†. 27) I feel a sense of pride in doing my job. The large percentages of respondents (93 percent ) said agree to the statement while only small percentages of respondents (7 percent) disagree to the statement. So when compare the response received to the five scales for this statement, the scale â€Å"agree moderately† received highest response. 1) I have too much paperwork For this negative statement, higher percentages of respondent (71 percent) said agree that they have to do too much paperwork. Only lower percentage of respondents (29 percent) said that they disagree to the statement. Most respondent agree to this statement were agree slightly (26 respondents). 32) I don't feel my efforts are rewarded the way they should be For this statement, higher percentages of respondent disagree to the statement than agree. The percentage of disagree and agree was 71 percent and 29 percent respectively. The high response of respondents for â€Å"disagree† was received for â€Å"disagree very much†(26 responses). 33) I am satisfied with my chances for promotion. All responses received for this statement was positive where the percentage of respondents who said agree was 100 percent. None of the participant disagree to this statement. The high response of respondent for â€Å" agree† was received to â€Å"agree very much†(36 respondents) 35) My job is enjoyable. For this statement, the percentage of respondent who agree was (86%) which is far higher than the percentage of respondent (14%) who said disagree. The majority of respondent (35 respondents)who said agree, responded as â€Å"agree very much†. Findings of job satisfaction on hygiene factor The findings of hygiene factor related questions were also included in this paper. This finding was not used in this paper to discuss about job satisfaction because they are not related to job satisfaction but instead they are related to job dissatisfaction. But, this finding was used to identify the job dissatisfaction level of the insurance agent in Devaraj Agency. Based on the outcome, recommendation will be given if there are any hygiene factor related problems. The findings of Job satisfaction for hygiene factor| No| | Disagree very much| Disagree moderately| Disagree slightly| Agree slightly| Agree moderately| Agree very much| 1| I feel I am being paid a fair amount for the work I do. | 8| 0| 0| 8| 8| 32| 3| My supervisor is quite competent in doing his/her job. | 4| 0| 5| 3| 24| 20| 4| I am not satisfied with the benefits I receive. | 30| 0| 8| 14| 0| 4| 6| Many of our rules and procedures make doing a good job difficult. | 4| 12| 7| 9| 14| 10| 7| I like the people I work with. 3| 0| 0| 13| 8| 32| 9| Communications seem good within this organization. | 0| 0| 0| 8| 8| 40| 10| Raises are too few and far between. | 24| 12| 0| 0| 16| 4| 12| My supervisor is unfair to me. | 32| 0| 12| 8| 4| 0| 13| The benefits we receive are as good as most other organizations offer. | 4| 15| 0| 5| 20| 12| 15| My efforts to do a good job are seldom blocked by red tape. | 16| 8| 8| 12| 12| 0| 16| I find I have to work harder at my job because of the incompetenc e of people I work with. | 8| 0| 0| 8| 16| 24| 18| The goals of this organization are not clear to me. 35| 4| 0| 8| 7| 0| 21| My supervisor shows too little interest in the feelings of subordinates. | 34| 7| 2| 7| 6| 0| 22| The benefit package we have is equitable. | 0| 0| 14| 2| 16| 20| 23| There are few rewards for those who work here. | 3| 16| 1| 27| 4| 5| 25| I enjoy my coworkers. | 0| 4| 0| 12| 12| 28| 26| I often feel that I do not know what is going on with the organization. | 26| 7| 3| 13| 3| 4| 28| I feel satisfied with my chances for salary increases. | 0| 4| 0| 8| 12| 32| 29| There are benefits we do not have which we should have. 8| 5| 12| 14| 10| 7| 30| I like my supervisor. | 2| 0| 0| 7| 5| 42| 34| There is too much bickering and fighting at work. | 20| 13| 2| 7| 3| 11| 36| Work assignments are not fully explained. | 16| 17| 4| 4| 12| 3| | | | | | | | | The findings of Job satisfaction for hygiene factor| No| | Agree| Disagree| 1| I feel I am being paid a fair amount f or the work I do. | 48| 8| 3| My supervisor is quite competent in doing his/her job. | 47| 9| 4| I am not satisfied with the benefits I receive. | 18| 38| 6| Many of our rules and procedures make doing a good job difficult. 33| 23| 7| I like the people I work with. | 3| 52| 9| Communications seem good within this organization. | 56| 0| 10| Raises are too few and far between. | 20| 36| 12| My supervisor is unfair to me. | 12| 44| 13| The benefits we receive are as good as most other organizations offer. | 43| 13| 15| My efforts to do a good job are seldom blocked by red tape. | 24| 32| 16| I find I have to work harder at my job because of the incompetence of people I work with. | 38| 8| 18| The goals of this organization are not clear to me. 15| 41| 21| My supervisor shows too little interest in the feelings of subordinates. | 13| 43| 22| The benefit package we have is equitable. | 46| 10| 23| There are few rewards for those who work here. | 36| 20| 25| I enjoy my coworkers. | 52| 4| 26| I often feel that I do not know what is going on with the organization. | 20| 36| 28| I feel satisfied with my chances for salary increases. | 52| 4| 29| There are benefits we do not have which we should have. | 33| 23| 30| I like my supervisor. | 54| 2| 34| There is too much bickering and fighting at work. 21| 35| 36| Work assignments are not fully explained. | 19| 37| Overall, job dissatisfaction of insurance agents in Devaraj Agency is low. The evident is that the respondents responded positively to 22 statements in the hygiene related job satisfaction questionnaire but only for 3 statements they respondent negatively. Findings of Organizational Commitment Findings of Organizational Commitment Survey (Affective Commitment)| No| | Disagree very much| Disagree moderately| Disagree slightly| Agree slightly| Agree moderately| Agree very much| 1| It would e very hard for me to leave my agency right now, even if I wanted to| 2| 0| 5| 7| 10| 32| 2| I do not feel any obligation to r emain with my current employer| 24| 13| 7| 0| 0| 12| 3| I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this agency| 0| 0| 4| 0| 7| 45| 4| Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my agency now| 5| 0| 3| 9| 15| 24| 5| I really feel as if this agency’s problems are my own| 6| 6| 0| 5| 24| 15| 6| Right now, staying with my agency is a matter of necessity as much as desire| 0| 0| 3| 12| 24| 17| 7| I do not feel a strong sense of â€Å"belonging† to my agency| 16| 14| 4| 12| 7| 3| 8| I feel that I have too few options to consider leaving this agency| 16| 2| 0| 25| 7| 8| Findings of Organizational Commitment Survey (Affective Commitment)| No| | Agree| Disagree| | It would be very hard for me to leave my agency right now, even if I wanted to| 88%| 12%| 2| I do not feel any obligation to remain with my current employer| 21%| 79%| 3| I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this agency| 93%| 7%| 4| Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my agency now| 68%| 32%| 5| I really feel as if this agency’s problems are my own| 79%| 21%| 6| Right now, staying with my agency is a matter of necessity as much as desire| 95%| 5%| 7| I do not feel a strong sense of â€Å"belonging† to my agency| 39%| 61%| 8| I feel that I have too few options to consider leaving this agency| 29| 71%| For the first question of organizational commitment, 88 percent of respondents said that they wound not leave the agency right now even if they wanted but only 12 percent of respondents said they would. The large numbers of respondents (32 respondents) â€Å"agree very much† that they would not leave the agency if they wanted also. The next question was â€Å"I do not feel any obligation to remain with my current employer†. 79 percent of respondents said that they disagree to the statement and said that they do have the feeling of obligation to remain with their current employer. The number of respondents who â€Å"disagree very much† to the statement (24 respondents) was higher than the total number of respondents who said they â€Å"agree slightly†, â€Å"agree moderately† and â€Å"agree very much†. For the statement â€Å"I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this agency†, 93 percentage of respondents said agree while 7 percent of respondents said disagree. So, the number of respondents who said agree is higher than the number of respondents who said disagree. Out of the 93 percentage of respondents, the highest numbers of respondents (45 respondents) â€Å"agree very much† than agree slightly or agree moderately. The statement â€Å"Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my agency now† received higher number of agree as response than disagree from the participants. The percentage of respondents who said agree and disagree was 68 percent of respondents said agree and 32 percent of respondents said disagree. Most respondents â€Å"agree moderately† and â€Å"agree very much† to the statement. The fifth statement in the organizational commitment questionnaire â€Å"I really feel as if this agency’s problems are my own, 79 percent of respondent said they agree they do feel the agency’s problem as their problem while 21 percent of respondents said they do not feel so. Thus, the number of respondent agree to the statement is higher than the respondents who disagree. Similar to the previous statement, most respondents â€Å"agree moderately† and â€Å"agree very much† to this statement. The next statement was â€Å"Right now, staying with my agency is a matter of necessity as much as desire†. For this statement also the majority of respondents said that they agree that staying with this agency is a matter of necessity as much as desire. The percentage of respondent who said agree and disagree was 95 percent of respondents said agree while only 5 percent of respondents said disagree. Of 95 percent of respondents, the largest number of respondents said that they agree moderately and that followed by â€Å"agree very much† and then â€Å"agree slightly†. For the statement â€Å"I do not feel a strong sense of â€Å"belonging† to my agency, the number of respondents who disagree is higher than the respondents who agree. 39 percent of respondents and 61 percent of respondents said agree and disagree respectively to the statement. The number of respondents â€Å"disagree very much† to the statement. The last statement was â€Å"I feel that I have too few options to consider leaving this agency†. Higher percent of respondent (71 percent of respondents) answered as disagree and said that there are many options available out there to consider if they wanted to leave the agency but 29 percent of respondents said disagree and support the statement. However, most respondents just â€Å" agree slightly† to the statement. Findings from interview Based on the interview with Mr Devaraj, the information of the average agents’ performance, overall agency’s performance and turnover rate has been collected. The average agent’s performance level from January 2011 to 9 November 2011 was 69 percent. He also said that the major contributor for the higher average agent’s performance level was a small number of high performers. Besides that, he said the overall agency’s performance was 71 percent. It enabled Deveraj Agency to still hold on the title of top Indian agency in Klang Valley, which it was defending more than 5 consecutive years. Besides that, he said turnover rate of insurance agent was a major problem. The average annual turnover was 6 % percent. The major contributor to this turnover was new insurance agent because when they find hard to sell insurance products, they quit the job. The turnover of senior agents was not even 0. 5 percent of annual turnover. Result of the findings The relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment has been proven once again through this research. According to the findings, the job satisfaction of the insurance agents in Devaraj Agency is high. The proof is the result of motivator factor questions in the job satisfaction questionnaire. There was 13 motivator factor related questions in the questionnaire. Out of the 13 questions, for 11 questions the insurance agents responded positively while only for 1 question they responded negatively. Positive response means the insurance agents agree to the positive statement about job satisfaction and disagree to negative statement. Example of positive statement in this job satisfaction questionnaire is â€Å"I am satisfied with my chances for promotion. † The overall response of respondents to this positive statement was positive means they gree to the statement. Negative response means the insurance agents disagree to positive statement and agree to negative statement. Example of negative statement in job satisfaction questionnaire that received positive response from respondent s was â€Å"I have too much paperwork†. It means the respondent agree to the negative statement. Overall, positive response to the questionnaire is higher than the negative response. It means that insurance agents were highly satisfied with their job. As the respondents responded positively to the job satisfaction questionnaire, the same way they responded positively to organizational commitment questionnaire. In the organizational commitment questionnaire, there were 8 statement related to affective commitment. Out of the 8 statements, the respondents responded positively to all the statements. An example of positive statement and positive response was â€Å"It would be very hard for me to leave my agency right now, even if I wanted to† is the positive statement and the positive response is 85. 7% of respondents said agree to the statement. Similarly, the example of negative statement and negative response is I do not feel any obligation to remain with my current employer was the negative statement and negative response was 78. 6% of respondents said disagree to the statement. The negative statement and negative response shows positive response toward organizational commitment. Based on job satisfaction and organizational commitment questionnaire result, it is proven that there is a strong relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. So, if job satisfaction of an employee is high, the organizational commitment also high. It is what happened in Devaraj agency; the job satisfaction of the insurance agents was high so the organizational commitment also high. Due to the higher organization commitment, the average job performance of the insurance agents was as high as 69% and average agency performance was as high as 87% and turnover rate was as low as 6% low annually. So, the high organizational commitment of an insurance agent will result in higher job performance, higher overall agency performance and lower turnover rate. Limitation There were two limitations in my research. The first limitation was that not all insurance agents in Devaraj Agency have taken the job satisfaction and organizational commitment survey. The survey only have been done with the agents attended the meeting. So the result of the survey could not be guaranteed, as 100% accurate as the views of the insurance agents who did not attend meeting were not taken. The second limitation in my research was that the connection of job satisfaction leads to organizational commitment could not be proven through the help of job satisfaction and organizational commitment questionnaire. But the relationship of job satisfaction and organizational commitment has been proved in a way that if job satisfaction of an employee is high, the organizational commitment is also high and it is otherwise if the job satisfaction is low. Recommendation Recommendations were done based on the problem identified through job satisfaction and organizational commitment questionnaire. 1) Hiring more clerical staff Based on the job satisfaction questionnaire, most insurance agents responded that they have to do too much paperwork. It may affect the agents’ job satisfaction. So Devaraj Agency should hire more clerical staff to help the insurance agents to do the paperwork. 2) Revise current code of procedure Many respondents said through the questionnaire that they are not happy with their current rules and procedures because they make their job difficult. So, the agency manager should bring this issue to ING management and find ways to solve this problem. Revising current rules and procedure would be ideal solution. 3) Introduce more monetary benefits Many insurance agents expressed their concern that there are benefits they do not have which they should have. The benefits such as petro allowance and toll allowance is given to sales people from other company but ING Bhd do not give such benefits to its insurance agents. So Devaraj Agency should bring this issue to ING management. Conclusion The relationship of job satisfaction and organizational commitment has been proved through literature review and from my research on Devaraj Agency. The result showed that there are strong relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Overall, the job satisfaction of insurance agents in Devaraj Agency is high and organizational commitment is also high. There was also relationship between organizational commitment and job performance, turnover rate and agency performance. It was also proved where the job performance, turnover rate and agency performance was high because the organizational commitment of insurance agents was high. Reference Appendix JOB SATISFACTION SURVEY| PLEASE CIRCLE THE ONE NUMBER FOR EACH QUESTION THAT COMES CLOSEST TO REFLECTING YOUR OPINIONABOUT IT. | Disagree very muchDisagree moderatelyDisagree slightlyAgree slightlyAgree moderatelyAgree very much| 1 | I feel I am being paid a fair amount for the work I do. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 2| There is rea lly too little chance for promotion on my job. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 3| My supervisor is quite competent in doing his/her job. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 4 | I am not satisfied with the benefits I receive. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 5| When I do a good job, I receive the recognition for it that I should receive. 1 2 3 4 5 6| 6| Many of our rules and procedures make doing a good job difficult. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 7| I like the people I work with. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 8| I sometimes feel my job is meaningless. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 9| Communications seem good within this organization. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 10| Raises are too few and far between. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 11| Those who do well on the job stand a fair chance of being promoted. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 12| My supervisor is unfair to me. 1 2 3 4 5 6| 13| The benefits we receive are as good as most other organizations offer. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 14| I do not feel that the work I do is appreciated. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 15| My efforts to do a good job are seldom blocked by red tape. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 16| I find I h ave to work harder at my job because of the incompetence of people I work with. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 17| I like doing the things I do at work. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 18| The goals of this organization are not clear to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| PLEASE CIRCLE THE ONE NUMBER FOR EACH QUESTION THAT COMES CLOSEST TO REFLECTING YOUR OPINIONABOUT IT. | Disagree very muchDisagree moderatelyDisagree slightlyAgree slightlyAgree moderatelyAgree very much| 19 | I feel unappreciated by the organization when I think about what they pay me. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 20| People get ahead as fast here as they do in other places. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 21| My supervisor shows too little interest in the feelings of subordinates. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 22| The benefit package we have is equitable. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 23| There are few rewards for those who work here. 1 2 3 4 5 6| 24| I have too much to do at work. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 25| I enjoy my coworkers. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 26| I often feel that I do not know what is going on with the organization. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 27| I feel a sense of pride in doing my job. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 28| I feel satisfied with my chances for salary increases. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 29| There are benefits we do not have which we should have. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 30| I like my supervisor. 1 2 3 4 5 6| 31| I have too much paperwork. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 32| I don't feel my efforts are rewarded the way they should be. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 33| I am satisfied with my chances for promotion. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 34| There is too much bickering and fighting at work. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 35| My job is enjoyable. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| 36| Work assignments are not fully explained. | 1 2 3 4 5 6| ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT SURVEY| | PLEASE CIRCLE THE ONE NUMBER FOR EACH QUESTION THAT COMES CLOSEST TO REFLECTING YOUR OPINIONABOUT IT. Disagree very muchDisagree moderatelyDisagree slightlyAgree slightlyAgree moderatelyAgree very much| 1| It would be very hard for me to leave my agency right now, even if I wanted to| 1 2 3 4 5 6| 2| I do not feel any obligation to remain with m y current employer| 1 2 3 4 5 6| 3| I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this agency| 1 2 3 4 5 6| 4| Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my agency now| 1 2 3 4 5 6| 5| I really feel as if this agency’s problems are my own| 1 2 3 4 5 6| 6| Right now, staying with my agency is a matter of necessity as much as desire| 1 2 3 4 5 6| 7| I do not feel a strong sense of â€Å"belonging† to my agency| 1 2 3 4 5 6| 8| I feel that I have too few options to consider leaving this agency| 1 2 3 4 5 6| Demographic questions Personal Particulars Are you Male or Female? (a) Male (b) Female What is your age? (a) 11 to 19 years old (b) 20 to 29 years old (c) 30 to 39 years old (d) 40 to 49 years old (e) 50 to 59 years old (f) 60 years old and above What is your income? a) Less than RM1000 (b) RM1000 to RM2000 (c) RM2100 to RM3000 (d) RM 3100 to RM4000 (e) RM4100 to RM5000 (f) More than RM5000 Reference 1) Noor Harun, A. K. & Noo r Hasrul N. M. N. (2007). Evaluating the psychometric properties of allen and meyer’s organizational commitment scale: A cross culture application among Malaysian academic librarians. Malaysian Journal of Library & information science, 11(1), Retrieved from http://myjurnal. um. edu. my/filebank/published_article/2034/360. pdf. 2) Price, James L & Mueller, C. W. (1997, October). Measures of job satisfaction Retrieved 7 October 2011 from http://home. ubalt. edu/tmitch/641/jsscales. htm ) Shrivastava. A and Purang. P. (2009). Employee Perceptions of job satisfaction: Comparative study on Indian banks. 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Employees’ Job Satisfactions and Organisational Commitment in Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited, India. International Research Journal of Management and Business Studies, 1(1). Retrieved from http://interesjournals. org/IRJMBS/pdf/2011/February/Padala. pdf